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Paranasal Sinuses - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
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==Introduction==
|linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology
|linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
The paranasal sinuses are ventilated spaces connected to the [[Nasal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]]. They develop as blind ending pouches between the lamina of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Bones of the Skull|bones of the skull]].
|maplink = Cardiorespiratory (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology
|pagetype =Anatomy
==Structure==
The paranasal sinuses are a series of cavities arranged one after another. All species have '''frontal''' and '''maxillary''' systems.
'''Frontal''': Consists of space(s) within the bones between the cranial cavity and the [[Nasal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]].
'''Maxillary''': This is the largest sinus, and consists of the space within the caudolateral part of the upper jaw, above the caudal cheek [[:Category:Teeth - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]]. This increases with age due to wearing and ventral relocation of the [[:Category:Teeth - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]].
==Function==
The function of paranasal sinuses is somewhat ambiguous, however they are likely to have the following evolutionary purposes:
:Resonating cavities
:Limiting the weight of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Bones of the Skull|skull]]
:Insulation/cooling of the [[Nervous and Special Senses - Anatomy & Physiology#Central Nervous System (CNS)|brain]]
:Increased insertion space for [[:Category:Teeth - Anatomy & Physiology|teeth]]
==Species Differences==
In the '''dog''' the sinus system is generally poorly developed. The maxillary sinus is a cavity which freely communicates with the nasal cavity, and is known as the '''maxillary recess'''. The frontal sinus has 3 chambers which drain separately into the nasal cavity.
In the '''horse''' the maxillary sinus has caudal and rostral parts which together occupy a large part of the upper jaw. In addition, the horse has '''sphenopalatine''' and '''ethmoidal''' sinuses which are of a lesser clinical importance than the '''frontal, caudal maxillary''' and '''rostral maxillary sinuses''' on each side of the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Bones of the Skull|skull]].
'''Cattle''' do not have a fully developed sinus system until the age of 7, by which time it is an extremely complex system.
In addition to the frontal sinus, there is a '''palatomaxillary sinus''' (named because the maxillary sinus is continuous with the palatine sinus) within the caudal part of the [[Hard Palate|hard palate]] and face, a '''lacrimal sinus''' within the medial orbit, '''sphenoidal sinuses''' which lie past the orbit and within the conchae themselves are the '''conchal sinuses'''. The frontal sinus in cattle has a 'diverticle' for the cornual process (horn).
The '''pig''' has '''lacrimal, sphenoid''' and '''conchal''' sinuses in addition to the maxillary and frontal systems.
There are many variations to the entire [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology|'''avian''' respiratory tract]].
The [[Respiration in Non-Homeotherms - Anatomy & Physiology|respiratory systems of non-homeotherms]] are also very different to that of mammals.
==Links==
Click here for more information on [[:Category:Paranasal Sinuses - Pathology|paranasal sinuses pathology]].
==References==
{{citation|initiallast = Dyce|initialfirst = K.M|2last = Sack|2first = W.O|finallast = Wensing|finalfirst = C.J.G|year = 2002|title = Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy|ed =3rd|city = Philadelphia|pub = Saunders}}
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==Webinars==
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[[Category:Respiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology]]
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