Peripheral Nervous System - Histology

Introduction

Nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are composed of numerous bundles of nerve fibers that are surrounded by connective tissue. This connective tissue also contains a specific layer that is specialised to neurons; the peri-neurium. The outer layer of this connective tissue is called the epineurium; which surrounds both the perineurium and the nerve itself. Individual neurons found within each bundle are surrounded by the endoneurium.

Each nerve fibre that is visible on histologic section represents an axon which is surrounded by the neurilemma or as it is also known, the sheath of a Schwann cell. However, depending on whether the cell is myelinated or unmyelinated, this layer may not be visible. Where present, the Schwann cell will be visible as as a dense layer immediately adjacent to the nerve fibre. This layer is then also immediately surrounded by the cytoplasm of the Schwann cell. The sheath and cytoplasm of the Schwann cell collectively form the neurilemma. Unmyelinated axons can often be seen running within small grooves of Schwann cells.

The information included on the page below is specifically to provide an insight into the histologic appearance of nerves within the PNS. Therefore knowledge of the terminology related to the anatomy and physiology of nerves is assumed and the PNS anatomy and physiology page should be reviewed to improve the understanding of the information provided below.

Histology

Myelinated Nerves

Myelinated Nerve in Small Fibre - Copyright John Bredl

This image shows a cross-sectional histology of a myelinated nerve fibre. The section clearly shows numerous bundles of nerve fibres which are slightly out of focus, but appear as the globular contents of the nerve.

The nerve as a whole is surrounded by a dense layer of connective tissue; the epineurium. This layer often contains visible blood vessels and it is likely that there are two such vessels found to the left and upper-left of the nerve. Fat cells (adipose tissue) are also found around the epineurium, although none are clearly visible in this image.

Myelinated Nerve (with lipid stain)

Myelinated Nerve in Small Fibre, Lipid Stained - Copyright John Bredl

A lipid stain highlights aspects within the histology that contain lipid. In this case the main lipid bearing tissue within a nerve is the fat contained within the myelin sheath, or Schwann cells. In comparison with the image above, this image is taken at a higher magnification and shows the bundles of nerve fibres in more detail.

The epineurium is less visible in this image due to the higher magnification but is effectively around the upper-right of the image. Several blood vessels can be seen within the connective tissue around the bundles (seen as small holes within the connective tissue). As was discussed in the image above, the epineurium is often surrounded by adipose tissue. Due to the type of stain used for this image, several adipocytes can be seen to the right of the image. Each nerve bundle is surrounded by the perineurium and this can be clearly seen surrounding each.

Given the lipid stain, it is possible to distinguish the myelinated nerves from the unmyelinated nerves within each bundle. Therefore a large proportion of the nerves are myelinated within each bundle. These myleinated nerves appear at this magnification with a charactristic donut shape which represents the axon in the centre (which contains no lipid) and the surrounding Scwann cell (containing lipid).

The myelin stained here gives the nerve it's shape and support.

The perineurium and endoneurium provide a constant environment for the nerve fibres.

Histology of Myelinated Nerve (longitudinal section)

Myelinated Nerve in Small Fibre, in Longitudinal Section - Copyright John Bredl

Histology of Ganglion

Histology of Autonomic Ganglion

Autonomic Ganglion - Copyright John Bredl

Histology of Dorsal Root Ganglion

Dorsal Root Ganglion - Copyright John Bredl

Comparison of the histology of the ganglion

Autonomic Ganglion	Dorsal Root Ganglion
Multipolar cells	Pseudo-unipolar cells
Satellite cell layer incomplete. (amphicytes)	Satellite cells form complete covering. (amphicytes)
Satellite cell layer incomplete. (amphicytes)	Satellite cells form complete covering. (amphicytes)
Cells and fibre tracts interspersed.	Cells and fibre tracts in separate regions.
Nucleus usually off centre.	Nucleus centrally placed.