Changes

*Peptidoglycans of gram-positive bacteria

*Peptidoglycans of gram-positive bacteria

*Mannose sugars

*Mannose sugars

*D-isoform amino acids (abundant in Peptidoglycans) - almost all (>99%) amino acids in multicellular organisms are the L-isoform of amino acids as it is only the L-isofrom amino acids that are used for protein synthesis.

*D-isoform amino acids (abundant in Peptidoglycans) - almost all (>99%) amino acids in multicellular organisms are the L-isoform of amino acids as it is only the L-isoform amino acids that are used for protein synthesis.

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These are known to the body as foreign as they are expressed as '''pathogen-associated molecular patterns''' (PAMPs) which are recognised by '''pattern recognition receptors''' (PRRs) expressed on mammalian cells. These receptors are expressed on many different cell types, not just on phagocytes, though not all are expressed by all cells: different cell types express a different range of PRRs. PRRs are either intracellular, membrane-associated or soluble:

These are known to the body as foreign as they are expressed as '''pathogen-associated molecular patterns''' (PAMPs) which are recognised by '''pattern recognition receptors''' (PRRs) expressed on mammalian cells. These receptors are expressed on many different cell types, not just on phagocytes, though not all are expressed by all cells: different cell types express a different range of PRRs. PRRs are either intracellular, membrane-associated or soluble: