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''S. bronchialis'' is a nematode of the superfamily ''strongyloidea'', and are found worldwide.  It commonly affects the lungs of many game birds within the UK.
 
''S. bronchialis'' is a nematode of the superfamily ''strongyloidea'', and are found worldwide.  It commonly affects the lungs of many game birds within the UK.
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'''Scientific Classification'''
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{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1" 
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| Kingdom
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| Animalia
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|-
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| Phylum
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| Nematoda
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|-
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| Class
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| Secernentea
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|-
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| Order
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| Strongylida
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|-
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| Family
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| Syngamidae
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|-
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| Genus
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| Syngamus
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|-
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| Species
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| '''S. trachea'''
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|}
    
==Hosts==
 
==Hosts==
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==Life Cycle==
 
==Life Cycle==
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L1-L3 develops in the egg.  Infection may be via ingestion of L3 in the egg, or a hatched L3, or ingestion of a paratenic host, most commonly the earthworm.
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The L3 then penetrate the intestine, and enter the lungs.  The L3 then undergo 2 further moults, and copulation occurs in the trachea a few days later.
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*The 'gapeworm' - an atypical strongyloid.
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The prepatent period of ''S. trachea'' is between 16 and 20 days.
*Deep red in colour.
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*'Y'-shaped as the smaller male is permanently attached to the female.
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*Lives in the trachea.
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*Wide host range, including many wild birds (rooks and crows commonly affected) as well as poultry and game birds.
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*Causes respiratory distress ('''gapes'''), especially in young birds.
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==== Life-Cycle ====
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*The egg is like a typical strongyle egg, except that there is an operculum at each end.
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*Infective larva develops inside the egg.
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*Birds can be infected by ingesting:
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**the larvated egg
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**the larva after hatching out of the egg
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**or by eating an earthworm (transport host) that has previously swallowed an egg or larva.
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==== Epidemiology ====
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Gapes is a common and serious problem in pheasant poults. A common sequence of events is as follows:
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*Infected wild birds (e.g. crows):
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→ droppings on ground
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→ soil contaminated with ''Syngamus'' eggs
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→ earthworms infected
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→ reservoir of infection
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→ eaten by pheasant poults reared on earth-floored pens in woodland
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→ disease.
      
[[Category:Strongyloidea]][[Category:Poultry Nematodes]]
 
[[Category:Strongyloidea]][[Category:Poultry Nematodes]]
 
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
 
[[Category:To_Do_-_Max]]
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