Changes

==Stomach spirurid worms==

==Stomach spirurid worms==

 

'''''Habronema muscae, H. majus''''' and '''''Draschia megastoma''''' are frequently reported spirurids in donkeys (Pandey ''et al'', 1994). Although the adults are considered to be non-pathogenic, the formation of large granulomas/tumours in the stomach by ''D. megastoma'' may interfere mechanically with its function. These lesions are frequent findings in the fundus region of the stomach of donkeys, often protruding into the lumen.

'''''Habronema muscae, H. majus''''' and '''''Draschia megastoma''''' are frequently reported spirurids in donkeys (Pandey ''et al'', 1994). Although the adults are considered to be non-pathogenic, the formation of large granulomas/tumours in the stomach by ''D. megastoma'' may interfere mechanically with its function. These lesions are frequent findings in the fundus region of the stomach of donkeys, often protruding into the lumen.

The life cycle involves an intermediate host, such as the stable fly, [[Biting Flies#Stomoxys calcitrans|''Stomoxys calicitrans'']], or the housefly, [[Nuisance Flies#Musca spp.|''Musca domestica'']]. The sprurid and the fly develop synchronously after the fly maggot has ingested larvae in the faeces. ''H. muscae'' and ''D. megastoma'' develop in the housefly, while ''H. majus'' develops in the stable fly. By the time the young fly is ready to seek a host the larvae become infective. The larvae are released onto the skin as the fly feeds and are ingested by the animal during grooming. Infection can also occur if the fly is swallowed. Only larvae gaining direct access to the stomach complete their development.

The life cycle involves an intermediate host, such as the stable fly, [[Stomoxys calcitrans|''Stomoxys calicitrans'']], or the housefly, [[Musca spp.|''Musca domestica'']]. The sprurid and the fly develop synchronously after the fly maggot has ingested larvae in the faeces. ''H. muscae'' and ''D. megastoma'' develop in the housefly, while ''H. majus'' develops in the stable fly. By the time the young fly is ready to seek a host the larvae become infective. The larvae are released onto the skin as the fly feeds and are ingested by the animal during grooming. Infection can also occur if the fly is swallowed. Only larvae gaining direct access to the stomach complete their development.

Diagnosis of stomach-worm infection is difficult because the eggs are not observed in routine faecal examination.

Diagnosis of stomach-worm infection is difficult because the eggs are not observed in routine faecal examination.

==Cutaneous habronemiasis==

==Cutaneous habronemiasis==

 

Cutaneous habronemiasis (summer sore) is a seasonal, granulomatous skin disease caused by aberrant ''Habronema'' larvae. It is caused by house and stable flies depositing infective larvae on moist mucous membranes or pre-existing skin lesions. Deposition of larvae in existing wounds is a major problem in the tropics among working donkeys. The problem is common during warm weather coinciding with the period of high fly activity. Body parts that commonly have wounds, moisture or discharges, i.e. lower limbs, back, girth and belly, mucocutaneous junctions such as sheath, prepuce, penis, lips, muzzle, eyelids and medial canthus of the eye, are common sites of lesions in donkeys (Getachew, 1999). In donkeys the facial form and the conjunctival forms are the most common.

Cutaneous habronemiasis (summer sore) is a seasonal, granulomatous skin disease caused by aberrant ''Habronema'' larvae. It is caused by house and stable flies depositing infective larvae on moist mucous membranes or pre-existing skin lesions. Deposition of larvae in existing wounds is a major problem in the tropics among working donkeys. The problem is common during warm weather coinciding with the period of high fly activity. Body parts that commonly have wounds, moisture or discharges, i.e. lower limbs, back, girth and belly, mucocutaneous junctions such as sheath, prepuce, penis, lips, muzzle, eyelids and medial canthus of the eye, are common sites of lesions in donkeys (Getachew, 1999). In donkeys the facial form and the conjunctival forms are the most common.

* Treatment must also be aimed at '''decreasing inflammatory reactions'''. Topical application of a combination of dimethyl sulphoxide and dexamethasone suspended in nitrofuracin ointment have been found to be helpful adjuncts in reducing granulomatous lesions (Rebhun, 1996)

* Treatment must also be aimed at '''decreasing inflammatory reactions'''. Topical application of a combination of dimethyl sulphoxide and dexamethasone suspended in nitrofuracin ointment have been found to be helpful adjuncts in reducing granulomatous lesions (Rebhun, 1996)

* '''Fly repellents''' to control fly strike should also be employed

* '''Fly repellents''' to control fly strike should also be employed

==References==

==References==

[[Category:Donkey]]

[[Category:Donkey]]

[[Category:Ectoparasites_-_Donkey]][[Category:Endoparasites_-_Donkey]][[Category:Parasitic_Skin_Infections_-_Donkey]][[Category:Eyelid_Diseases_-_Donkey]]

[[Category:Ectoparasites_-_Donkey]][[Category:Endoparasites_-_Donkey]][[Category:Parasitic_Skin_Infections_-_Donkey]][[Category:Eyelid_Diseases_-_Donkey]]