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BACTERIA



Overview

  • Cause suppurative infections in many different animals
  • Cause abscess formation and septicaemia
  • Cause mastitis, metritis, polyarthritis, meningitis
  • Primary or secondary infections following viral infection
  • Neonatal septicaemia related to maternal genital tract infection
  • Often commensals on mucous membranes of upper respiratory and lower urogenital tract
  • Opportunistic infections


Characteristics

  • Gram positive cocci forming chains
  • Catalase negative, facultative anaerobes
  • Fastitidious - require enriched media such as blood or serum
  • Small haemolytic, translucent colonies, some mucoid
  • Catalase negative
  • Susceptible to desiccation


Identification

  • Beta haemolysis (complete with clear zones surrounding colonies)
  • Alpha haemolysis (partial with green zones surrounding colonies)
  • Lancefield grouping - serology based on group-specific polysaccharide in cell wall
  • Biochemical testing


Pathogensis and Pathogenicity

  • Beta-haemolytic strains more pathogenic than alpha-haemolytic strains
  • Virulence factors include streptolysins, hyaluronidase, DNase, streptokinase and proteases
  • S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae and some strains of S. equi have polysaccharide capsules which are antiphagocytic
  • S. pyogenes and S. equi have antiphagocytic cell wall M proteins


Strangles

  • Epidemiology
    • Strangles is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. equi
    • Upper respiratory tract disease with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes
    • Outbreaks in groups of young horses
    • Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes
    • Chronic, carrier state can occur with bacteria im the guttural pouch
    • A mild, atypical form can occur
    • S. equi shed for 4 weeks beyond clinical resolution
  • Clinical signs
    • Incubation period 3 to 6 days
    • Fever, depression, anorexia
    • Purulent nasal discharge
    • Swollen, painful regional lymph nodes, especially submandibular
    • Abscessation and rupture of lymph nodes
    • Guttural pouch empyema
    • 100% morbidity; 5% mortality
    • Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or purpura haemorrhagica(an immune-mediated disease)
    • Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body
  • Diagnosis
    • Clinical signs and history
    • Mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis
    • Sugar fermentation allows differentiation of S. equi from S. zooepidemicus and S. equisimilis
    • PCR to detect asymptomatic carriers
  • Treatment and control
    • Penicillin administration to in-contact animals
    • Isolation of affected animals
    • Quaranteen in-coming animals
    • Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups
    • Disinfection of equipment


Streptococcus suis

  • Meningitis, arthritis, septicaemia and pneumonia of pigs
  • Sporadic cases of endocarditis, neonatal deaths and abortion
  • Carried in tonsils and nasal cavity of carrier pigs
  • Outbreaks occur in intensively-reared herds with poor hygiene
  • Carrier sows infect litters causing neonatal deaths
  • Meningitis with fever, tremors, incoordination, opisthotonos and convulsions
  • Treatment with penicillin; prophylactic long-acting penicillin for sows and piglets
  • Suppurative conditions in cattle, sheep, horses, cats
  • Septicaemia and meningitis in humans


Bovine streptococcal mastitis

  • S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis primarily cause mastitis
  • Also S. pyogenes, S. zooepidemicus and Enterococcus faecalis can be involved
  • S. agalactiae colonises milk ducts causing persistent infections with acute outbreaks
  • S. dysgalactiae found in the oral cavity and on the skin of the udder causes acute mastitis
  • S. uberis inhabits normal skin, tonsils and vaginal mucosa, and causes mastitis without systemic signs
  • Cause inflammation of mammary tissue and clots form in milk
  • Milk samples are cultured on blood agar, Edward's medium and MacConkey agar for diagnosis


S. equisimilis

  • Found on skin and vagina of horses
  • Causes abscesses, endometritis and mastitis in horses
  • Suppurative conditions in pigs, cattle, dogs, birds


S. zooepidemicus

  • Colonises mucous membranes and causes mastitis, pneumonia and navel infections in horses
  • Colonises skin and mucous membranes od cattle, lambs, pigs and poultry and causes suppurative infections and septicaemia


Enterococcus faecalis

  • Colonises intestinal tract
  • Causes opportunistic suppurative infections in many species


S. canis

  • Found in vagina and anal mucosa of carnivores
  • Neonatal septicaemia, suppurative infections, toxic shock syndrome


S. pneumoniae

  • Found in upper respiratory tract of primates
  • Causes septicaemia, pneumonia and meningitis
  • Pneumonia in guinea-pigs and rats


S. porcinus

  • Submandibular lymphadenitis in pigs


Diagnosis

  • Swabs of pus or exudate cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar
  • No growth on MacConkey except S. faecalis
  • PCR, Lancefield grouping and biochemical tests




  • Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx
  • Streptococcus zooepidemicus and S. equisimilis are usually non-pathogenic
  • S. equi is more pathogenic and is the cause of strangles with rhinitis, pharyngitis, lymphadenitis, myositis
  • S. equi may be involved in cutaneous lesions

URT inflammation in horses