Tapeworm - Donkey

Tapeworm (Image courtesy of The Donkey Sanctuary)

Tapeworm (Image courtesy of The Donkey Sanctuary)

Tapeworm (Image courtesy of The Donkey Sanctuary)

Introduction

Tapeworms or cestodes belong to the group of parasites called flat worms or platyhelminths. Anoplocephala perfoliata, A. magna and A. mammilana are the common species affecting equidae. These flatworms are typically about 1.5cm wide and range in size from 8-25cm long with A. magna being the largest and A. mammilana the smallest. Recent studies have shown that A. perfoliata is the most common equine tapeworm.

The tapeworm is composed of a scolex (head) and a flattened strobila (body). The scolex has four suckers which form an attachment to the intestinal wall of the host. Tapeworms have no mouth parts or unified digestive tract and instead absorb nutrients through the proglottid (body segment) walls.

A. perforliata’s site of predilection is usually the ileo-caecal junction whereas A. magna and A. mammilana favour attachment in the small intestine, and in the case of A. mammilana occasionally the stomach. This parasite is prevalent worldwide and can be found in any demographic group. It was once thought to be of low clinical significance but it is now understood that an infection can be implicated in the development of severe gastrointestinal disruptions including intussusception.

Lifecycle

The tapeworm has a relatively long lifecycle, involving an intermediate host and taking approximately 2-3 (but maybe as long as 6 months) to complete. Grazing animals ingest oribatid mites infected with cysticercoid (larval stage) which are released once inside the digestive tract. The cysticercoid develops into a mature adult worm inside the host. The strobila of the mature worm is composed of proglottids in which eggs are formed, the gravid proglottids separate from the main body and are excreted out in the faeces. Eggs are eaten by free living oribatid mites within which they develop into cysticercoids and the lifecycle continues.

Diagnosis

Clinical signs

Tapeworms have been incriminated as a cause of intestinal intussusceptions, caecal perforation leading to peritonitis, intestinal obstruction and colic. The severity and depth of ulcerative lesions of the mucosa increase as the number of tapeworms attached in the area increases (Williamson et al, 1997). Although the pathogenic effect of tapeworm infection in donkeys has not been studied experimentally, similar lesions, particularly ulcerations of the ileocaecal junction, have been observed in donkeys.

At The Donkey Sanctuary 3% of donkeys admitted have evidence of tapeworm infection on faecal examination. Post-mortem evidence suggests an even lower incidence. The low incidence may be due to the poor habitat for oribatid mites (the intermediate host for Anoplocephala) on its farms. On the other hand, a study made in Ethiopia has shown a high prevalence of anoplocephalosis in donkeys, particularly in highland areas where permanent pasture management is often practised (Getachew et al, 2006).

Clinical signs are well documented in horses and range from weight loss, lack of energy and anaemia, to severe GI disturbances in cases of heavy infestation. The site of attachment can often become ulcerated or infected and re-occurrence of colic is common. Clinical signs in donkeys are less well understood, as the incidence rate appears to be lower and few clinical cases are seen.

Laboratory tests

Diagnosis using conventional faecal floatation methods has low sensitivity, due to uneven egg distribution in faeces. However, it is highly specific, as the tapeworm eggs are distinctively angular and readily identified.

Serological diagnosis with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens has been developed to detect the antibody in serum (Proudman and Trees, 1996).

Treatment

At The Donkey Sanctuary, treatment for tapeworm is only carried out when there is positive identification of eggs in the faeces and/or positive serology. Treatment options include:

• Pyrantel at twice the dose rate for roundworms. Donkeys at The Donkey Sanctuary are checked for hepatic disease (blood parameters) prior to treatment, as dose rates at this level may be contra-indicated in donkeys with liver problems.

• Praziquantel is also effective against tapeworm in donkeys.

Literature Search

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Tapeworm in donkeys publications

References

• Trawford, A. and Getachew, M. (2008) Parasites In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) The Professional Handbook of the Donkey, 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 6
• Getachew, M., Innocent, G., Trawford, A., Feseha, G., Reid, S.J.W., and Love, S. (2006). ‘Equine cestodosis: a sero-epidemiological study of Anoplocephala perfoliata infection in Ethiopia’. Proceedings of the 9th Congress of World Equine Veterinary Association. 22-26 January 2006. Marrakech, Morocco.
• Proudman, C.J., Trees, A.J. (1996). ‘Use of excretory/secretory antigens for the serodiagnosis of A. perfoliata cestodosis’. Vet. Parasitol. 61. pp 239-247.
• Williamson, R.M.C., Gasser, R.B., Middleton, D., and Beveridge, I. (1997). ‘The distribution of Anoplocephala perfoliata in the intestine of the horse and associated pathological changes’. Vet.Parasitol. 73. pp 225-241

ENDOPARASITES - DONKEY

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