Toroviruses Flashcards

Question	Answer		Article
What family do the Toroviruses belong to?	Coronaviridae		Link to Article
What type of viruses are Toroviruses and what are their properties?	Enveloped positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses Pleomorphic 120-140 nm in diameter Relatively stable in acid or alkaline environment between pH 2.5-10		Link to Article
What are the names given to Toroviruses found in horses?	Equine torovirus (ETV) Prototype Berne virus		Link to Article
What are the names given to Toroviruses found in cattle?	Bovine torovirus (BoTV) Prototype Breda virus		Link to Article
What species are the Toroviruses found in?	Hosts include: Cattle Zebu Goats Horses Sheep Pigs Lagomorphs Rodents Domestic cats Humans		Link to Article
What are the clinical signs of the Toroviruses in cattle?	In all ages of cattle it can cause: Diarrhoea Pyrexia Dehydration Lethargy Depression In calves it causes: Anorexia and mucoid faeces Neurological signs; generalised weakness, paralysis, inability to stand, trembling and sudden death. Respiratory problems such as laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia. Young, colostrum-deprived calves are particularly at risk.		Link to Article
What are the clinical signs of the Toroviruses in cats?	Diarrhoea Protruding nictating membranes		Link to Article
What are the clinical signs of the Toroviruses in pigs?	Pigs can shed the torovirus without showing any symptoms of disease.		Link to Article
How is the Torovirus transmitted?	It is presumed that it is spread via the faecal-oral route and through subclinical or chronically infected cattle.		Link to Article
What is the distribution of Toroviruses?	Worldwide in cattle and horses		Link to Article
How is the Torovirus detected?	Diagnostic methods include a combination of: Electron microscopy Immuno-electron microscopy (IEM)- which can differentiate the Toroviruses from Coronaviruses Haemagglutination inhibition ELISA		Link to Article
What effect does the virus have on the intestinal wall?	Villus fusion Villus atrophy Thinning of intestinal wall		Link to Article
How do you treat for Torovirus infections?	There is no specific treatment; only supportive fluid treatment for diarrhoea and antibiotics for secondary infections.		Link to Article
How do you control Toroviruses?	Isolation of infected animals Good hygiene and sanitary measures		Link to Article