Difference between revisions of "Total protein"

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== Total Protein, Albumin and Globulins ==
 
== Total Protein, Albumin and Globulins ==
 
Serum proteins vary widely in their size, structure and function. Abnormal levels of proteins are termed dysproteinaemias. Total protein and albumin concentrations are determined and the globulin concentration arrived at by subtraction. Total protein levels are affected by physiological as well as pathological factors. Total protein levels are low in neonates rising to adult levels by 6 months to 1 year of age. Serum total protein levels are approximately 5% less than those of plasma due to the loss of fibrinogen in the clotting process.
 
Serum proteins vary widely in their size, structure and function. Abnormal levels of proteins are termed dysproteinaemias. Total protein and albumin concentrations are determined and the globulin concentration arrived at by subtraction. Total protein levels are affected by physiological as well as pathological factors. Total protein levels are low in neonates rising to adult levels by 6 months to 1 year of age. Serum total protein levels are approximately 5% less than those of plasma due to the loss of fibrinogen in the clotting process.
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=== Causes of Hyperproteinaemia in Small Animals ===
 +
 +
==== Hyperalbuminaemia ====
 +
 +
* Dehydration
 +
 +
==== Hyperglobulinaemia ====
 +
 +
* Inflammation
 +
* Immune-mediated disease
 +
* Neoplasia
 +
 +
=== Causes of hypoproteinaemia in Small Animals ===
 +
 +
==== Hypoalbuminaemia ====
 +
 +
* Hepatic insufficiency
 +
* Protein-losing enteropathy
 +
* Protein-losing nephropathy
 +
* Haemorrhage
 +
* Protein malnutrition/malabsorption/maldigestion
 +
* Exudation (body cavity, skin)
 +
* Compensatory for a hyperglobulinaemia
 +
 +
==== Hypoglobulinaemia ====
 +
 +
* Protein-losing enteropathy
 +
* Haemorrhage
 +
* Neonates
 +
* Congenital immunodeficiency
 +
 +
=== Complementary tests in Small Animals ===
 +
Serum protein electrophoresis, urine protein electrophoresis, radial immunodiffusion for canine IgG, IgA and IgM (suspected immunodeficiency and classification of myelomas).
 +
 +
=== Causes of hyperproteinaemia in Equine ===
 +
 +
==== Hyperalbuminaemia ====
 +
 +
* Dehydration
 +
 +
==== Hyperglobulinaemia ====
 +
 +
* Inflammation
 +
* Immune response to infection
 +
* Neoplasia for example lymphoma (rare)
 +
* Cyathostomiasis, large strongylosis, mixed helminthiasis
 +
 +
=== Causes of hyproteinaemia in Equine ===
 +
 +
==== Hypoalbuminaemia ====
 +
 +
* Intestinal lymphoma
 +
 +
* Cyathostomiasis, large strongylosis, mixed helminthiasis
 +
* Protein-losing enteropathy
 +
* Advanced hepatic insufficiency – usually fibrosis (Ragwort poisoning)
 +
* Idiopathic granulomatous enteritis
 +
* Salmonellosis
 +
* Clostridiosis
 +
* Protein-losing nephropathy
 +
* Compensatory for a hyperglobulinaemia
 +
* NSAIDS
 +
* Glomerulonephritis/pyelonephritis
 +
 +
==== Less common causes of hypoabuminaemia ====
 +
 +
* Starvation
 +
* Chronic hepatitis
 +
* Hepatic neoplasia
 +
* Amyloidosis
 +
* Chronic eosinophilic enteritis (rare)
 +
 +
==== Hypoglobulinaemia ====
 +
 +
* Inadequate transfer of colostrum (neonates)
 +
* Severe combined immunodeficiency disease in Arabian foals
 +
 +
=== Complementary tests in Equine ===
 +
Protein electrophoresis.
 +
 +
== References ==
 +
Total Protein, Albumin and Globulins References: [[NationWide Laboratories]]
 +
 
[[Category:Lizard_and_Snake_Glossary]]
 
[[Category:Lizard_and_Snake_Glossary]]

Revision as of 16:13, 16 March 2022

Total protein in normal reptiles generally varies between 30 and 80g/l.Hypoproteinaemia is often associated with malnutrition. Other causes include malabsorption, maldigestion (e.g. intestinal parasitism), protein losing enteropathies, severe blood loss and chronic hepatic or renal disease.

Total Protein, Albumin and Globulins

Serum proteins vary widely in their size, structure and function. Abnormal levels of proteins are termed dysproteinaemias. Total protein and albumin concentrations are determined and the globulin concentration arrived at by subtraction. Total protein levels are affected by physiological as well as pathological factors. Total protein levels are low in neonates rising to adult levels by 6 months to 1 year of age. Serum total protein levels are approximately 5% less than those of plasma due to the loss of fibrinogen in the clotting process.

Causes of Hyperproteinaemia in Small Animals

Hyperalbuminaemia

  • Dehydration

Hyperglobulinaemia

  • Inflammation
  • Immune-mediated disease
  • Neoplasia

Causes of hypoproteinaemia in Small Animals

Hypoalbuminaemia

  • Hepatic insufficiency
  • Protein-losing enteropathy
  • Protein-losing nephropathy
  • Haemorrhage
  • Protein malnutrition/malabsorption/maldigestion
  • Exudation (body cavity, skin)
  • Compensatory for a hyperglobulinaemia

Hypoglobulinaemia

  • Protein-losing enteropathy
  • Haemorrhage
  • Neonates
  • Congenital immunodeficiency

Complementary tests in Small Animals

Serum protein electrophoresis, urine protein electrophoresis, radial immunodiffusion for canine IgG, IgA and IgM (suspected immunodeficiency and classification of myelomas).

Causes of hyperproteinaemia in Equine

Hyperalbuminaemia

  • Dehydration

Hyperglobulinaemia

  • Inflammation
  • Immune response to infection
  • Neoplasia for example lymphoma (rare)
  • Cyathostomiasis, large strongylosis, mixed helminthiasis

Causes of hyproteinaemia in Equine

Hypoalbuminaemia

  • Intestinal lymphoma
  • Cyathostomiasis, large strongylosis, mixed helminthiasis
  • Protein-losing enteropathy
  • Advanced hepatic insufficiency – usually fibrosis (Ragwort poisoning)
  • Idiopathic granulomatous enteritis
  • Salmonellosis
  • Clostridiosis
  • Protein-losing nephropathy
  • Compensatory for a hyperglobulinaemia
  • NSAIDS
  • Glomerulonephritis/pyelonephritis

Less common causes of hypoabuminaemia

  • Starvation
  • Chronic hepatitis
  • Hepatic neoplasia
  • Amyloidosis
  • Chronic eosinophilic enteritis (rare)

Hypoglobulinaemia

  • Inadequate transfer of colostrum (neonates)
  • Severe combined immunodeficiency disease in Arabian foals

Complementary tests in Equine

Protein electrophoresis.

References

Total Protein, Albumin and Globulins References: NationWide Laboratories