Blood Gas Analysis

Introduction

Blood gas analysis is the gold standard for evaluating gas exchange in a patient. Analysers measure the pH, partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide of the sample directly as well as calculating other parameters such as haemoglobin saturation and plasma bicarbonate. It provides details on oxygenation, ventilation and acid-base status of the patient. Samples used are usually heparinised and can be arterial or venous, but this should be considered when interpreting results.

pH

• Direct measurement
• Normal values - 7.35 -7.45
• Increases indicate an alkalaemia.
• Decreases indicate an acidemia.

In healthy animals, it is essential that 50-100meq of acid is excreted by the kidneys every day. This is achieved by secretion of H⁺ in two regions of the nephron, the proximal tubule and the collecting ducts, and is essential for maintaining the acid base ratio, within the body, at the correct levels. If there is a net gain or loss of H⁺ within the body then the kidneys will compensate for it. The H⁺ ions cannot be secreted as free ions, however virtually all filtered HCO₃^- must be reabsorbed. The result is that the H⁺ ions bind to other filtered buffers which are not fully reabsorbed such as ammonia or phosphate. Extracellular pH is the main physiological regulator affecting how much acid is secreted. In pathological states circulating volume, aldosterone and plasma potassium affect it.

The HPO₄^-Buffer System

The kidneys work with the respiratory system to regulate H⁺. Where as the respiratory systems quickly compensates for a problem it is left to the kidneys to actually remove the problem and restore a proper balance. They do this by altering the plasma concentration of HCO₃^-. During anaesthesia, the body's short term mechanism of respiratory change to regulate acid/base balance is compromised by the effects of the anaesthetic, and must be monitored so that relevant changes can be made manually by the anaesthetist to restore the correct acid base balance.

Alkalosis

In a situation of alkalosis the kidneys allow more HCO₃^- to be excreted. This results in an increase in an increase of un-buffered H⁺ and thus returns the pH towards normal.

Acidosis

In a situation of increased H⁺ levels the body is said to be in a state of acidosis and the kidneys stop excreting HCO₃^- and the tubular cells produce more bicarbonate. This results in more H⁺ being buffered and the pH increases back to normal

Oxygen

Partial Pressure

• Direct measurement
• Assuming the inspired oxygen fraction is 21%, normal values are 80-100mmHg (10.7-13.3kPa)
• Increases may be due to increases in fractional inspired oxygen or atmospheric pressure.
• Decreases indicate hypoxaemia if below 60mmHg (8kPa)

Saturation

• Calculated value.
• Normal values - 95-100%
• Decreases indicate hypoxaemia if below 90%

Carbon Dioxide

Partial Pressure

• Direct measurement
• Normal values - 35-45mmHg
• Increases indicate a respiratory acidosis.
• Decreases indicate a respiratory alkalosis.

Plasma Bicarbonate

• Calculated value.
• Normal values - 22-26 mmol/l
• Increases indicate a metabolic alkalosis.
• Decreases indicate a metabolic acidosis.