Neurological Examination Initial Observation - Horse

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Signalment and History

Signalment

  • The term "signalment" describes the animal's age, sex and breed.
  • The horse's signalment may be relevant to the neurological examination.
    • For example:
      • A 1 year old thoroughbred colt with ataxia is more likely to have cervical compression than a space occupying lesion.
      • An Arabian foal suffering seizures may have idiopathic epilepsy.

History

  • History is a very important component of the neurological examination.
    • An owner's description of the animal's behaviour or abnormality may both
      • Help direct the neurological examination.
      • Suggest possible differential diagnoses.
  • For example, a recumbent horse with a history of stumbling or knuckling that has recently fallen:
    • May have underlying cervical vertebral malformation or stenosis, OR
    • It is possible that the onset of pelvic limb weakness may have followed a spate of respiratory disease or an abortions, if the animal has EHV1 myelitis.

Demeanour/ Behaviour

  • The horse should be examined from a distance to assess behaviour and demeanour.
  • Diseases associated with altered mentation or behaviour tend to involve the forebrain.
  • Levels of consciousness are determined partly by the cerebrum and partly by the reticular activating system in the brainstem.

What to Look For

  • Assymetrical changes.
    • These include:
      • Circling
      • Head turning
    • Horses usually circle or turn towards the affected side.
  • Excessive yawning.
  • Head pressing.
    • This is often a sign of severe obtundation, which may be caused by:
      • Diffuse cerebral disease.
      • Metabolic problems, such as hepatic encephalopathy.