Neurological Examination Initial Observation - Horse
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Signalment and History
Signalment
- The term "signalment" describes the animal's age, sex and breed.
- The horse's signalment may be relevant to the neurological examination.
- For example:
- A 1 year old thoroughbred colt with ataxia is more likely to have cervical compression than a space occupying lesion.
- An Arabian foal suffering seizures may have idiopathic epilepsy.
- For example:
History
- History is a very important component of the neurological examination.
- An owner's description of the animal's behaviour or abnormality may both
- Help direct the neurological examination.
- Suggest possible differential diagnoses.
- An owner's description of the animal's behaviour or abnormality may both
- For example, a recumbent horse with a history of stumbling or knuckling that has recently fallen:
- May have underlying cervical vertebral malformation or stenosis, OR
- It is possible that the onset of pelvic limb weakness may have followed a spate of respiratory disease or an abortions, if the animal has EHV1 myelitis.
Demeanour/ Behaviour
- The horse should be examined from a distance to assess behaviour and demeanour.
- Diseases associated with altered mentation or behaviour tend to involve the forebrain.
- Levels of consciousness are determined partly by the cerebrum and partly by the reticular activating system in the brainstem.
What to Look For
- Assymetrical changes.
- These include:
- Circling
- Head turning
- Horses usually circle or turn towards the affected side.
- These include:
- Excessive yawning.
- Head pressing.
- This is often a sign of severe obtundation, which may be caused by:
- Diffuse cerebral disease.
- Metabolic problems, such as hepatic encephalopathy.
- This is often a sign of severe obtundation, which may be caused by: