Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards
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| Question | Answer | Article | |
| From which embyronic germ layer does the tunica muscularis develop? | Splanchnic mesoderm
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| In development, how many degrees does the loop of gut rotate? | 270
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| Where is the myenteric plexus? | Between the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers of the tunica muscularis
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| What are the functions of the small intestine? | Mixing, transportation, digestion and absorption
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| Name the two types of muscle contraction in the small intestine. | Segemental and peristaltic
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| What is the migrating myoelectric complex? | The peristaltic wave of contraction moves from the duodenum to the ileum
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| What is the main structural difference between amylopectin and glycogen? | Both have α1-4 and α1-6 glycosidic bonds but glycogen has more α1-6 links, with shorter side chains
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| What are the products of α-amylase digestion? | Di-, tri-, and oligo-saccharides
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| Describe the mechanism of glucose absorption. | Na+/K+ pumps pump Na+ into the lumen. Na+ diffuses back into the enterocyte through a SGLT-1 symport which releases energy. Energy is used to transport glucose into the enterocyte up its concentration gradient.
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| Which GLUT allows glucose to diffuse from the enterocyte to the blood? | GLUT 5
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| Where does TAG digestion begin and with which enzyme? | Oral cavity with lingual lipase
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| What are the functions of bile? | (i) emulsifies fat (ii) creates an interface for pancreatic lipase to digest water insoluble fat
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| What positions can pancreatic lipase remove fatty acids from glycerol? | 1 and 3
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| What is the rate limiting step in TAG digestion? | Isomerase reaction
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| How do TAG leave the enterocyte? | In chylomicrons through lacteals into the lymph
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| Where does protein digestion begin and with which enzyme? | Stomach, with pepsin
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| Name three endopeptidases present in the small intestine. | Trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase
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| Where are carboxypeptidases produced? | In the pancreas, as zymogens
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| How are di-, tri-, and oligo-peptides absorbed? | γ Glutamyl cycle
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| Where effect does parasympathetic innervation have in the small intestine? | Increased motility and secretion
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| Where are Brunner's glands located? | Submucosa of duodenum
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| Name three cell types present in the muscosal crypts | (i)Goblet (ii)Entero-endocrine (iii) Paneth
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