Changes

==Joints==

==Joints==

====Metacarpophalangeal Joint====

====Metacarpophalangeal Joint====

 

The metacarpophalangeal joint is able to undergo flexion and extension movements. Each joint (except the first digit) has a pair of sesamoid bones associated with the palmar aspect of the joint which articulate with a concave area of the proximal phalanx. The joint capsule runs between the four bones of the joint extending dorsally under the extensor tendon and part also intermingling with an expanding area of the common digital extensor tendon. Distally it binds to the articular cartilage of the proximal phalanx and on the palmar aspect its dorsal attachment is level with the proximal end of the sesamoid bones. The '''collateral ligaments''' bind the the metacarpal bone to the proximal phalanx, with a deep branch attaching to the sesamoid bone. The '''palmar/intersesamoidean ligament''' is a mass of fibrocartilage that embeds the sesamoid bones. The palmar aspect of this ligament forms a groove for the deep flexor tendon to run in. The '''collateral sesamoid ligaments''' connect the outer aspect of the sesamoids to the proximal phalanx whilst the '''distal sesamoid ligaments''', although not well developed in the dog, connect the distal surface of the sesamoids to the palmar aspect of the phalanx. These ligaments include the cruciate and short ligaments. The '''superficial transverse metacarpal ligaments''' surround the flexor tendons and their sheaths at the point of the sesamoid ligaments and the '''distal annular ligaments''' cross the surface of the flexor tendons and sheaths at the level of the proximal and middle phalanx.

* Movement - flexion and extension.  

* Each joint, bar the first digit, has a pair of sesamoid bones associated with the palmar aspect of the joint. They articulate with a concave area of the proximal phalanx.

* The joint capsule runs between the four bones of the joint. Dorsally it extends under the extensor tendon, this part also intermingles with with an expanding area of the common digital extensor tendon. Distally it binds to the articular cartilage of the proximal phalanx and on the palmar aspect its dorsal attachment is level with the proximal end of the sesamoid bones.

* '''Collateral ligaments''' - bind the the metacarpal bone to the proximal phalanx, with a deep branch attaching to the sesamoid bone.

* '''Palmar/intersesamoidean ligament''' - a mass of fibrocartilage that embed the sesamoid bones. The palmar aspect of it forms a groove for the deep flexor tendon to run in.  

* '''Collateral sesamoid ligaments''' - connect the outer aspect of the sesamoids to the proximal phalanx.

* '''Distal sesamoid ligaments''' - a collection of ligaments that aren't well developed in the dog. They connect the distal surface of the sesamoids to the plamar aspect of the phalanx. They include the cruciate and short ligaments.

* The '''superficial transverse metacarpal ligaments''' surround the flexor tendons and their sheaths at the point of the sesamoid ligaments.

* The '''distal annular ligaments''' cross the surface of the flexor tendons and sheaths at the level of the proximal and middle phalanx.

====Proximal Interphalangeal Joint====

====Proximal Interphalangeal Joint====