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| | ===[[Water Deficiency]]=== | | ===[[Water Deficiency]]=== |
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| | + | ===[[Sodium and Water Deficiency]]=== |
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| − | ===Deficiency of Both Sodium and Water===
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| − |
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| − | * Known as "salt depletion".
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| − | * The effects of the sodium (and therefore chloride) loss predominate.
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| − | ** There is clinically detectable dehydration.
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| − |
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| − | ====Causes====
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| − |
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| − | * '''Gastro-intestinal disorders'''.
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| − | ** [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|Vomiting]] and [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]].
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| − | * '''Gut crises'''.
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| − | ** [[:Category:Obstruction, Intestinal|Intestinal obstruction]].
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| − | ** [[Torsion, Intestinal|Torsions]].
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| − | ** Ruminal/ abomasal impaction.
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| − | * '''Excessive and prolonged sweating'''.
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| − | ** Heat exhaustion.
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| − | * '''Renal disease'''.
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| − | ** Nephritis.
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| − | ** May also be associated with diabetes mellitus toxicity.
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| − | * '''Severe haemorrhage or burns'''.
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| − | ** Result in severe plasma losses.
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| − |
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| − | ====Effects====
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| − |
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| − | * Loss of sodium and chloride reduces the osmolality of extracellular fluid.
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| − | ** There is a simultaneous loss of water.
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| − | * Water is transferred from the ECF to cells.
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| − | ** Cells over-hydrate and may rupture.
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| − | * ECF volume falls.
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| − | ** Resultis in haemoconcentration and peripheral circulatory failure.
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| − | * Renal involvement may become significant.
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| − |
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| − | ===Water Excess===
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| − |
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| − | * Known as "water intoxication".
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| − |
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| − | ====Causes====
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| − |
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| − | * Results from induced hypo-osmolality, e.g.
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| − | ** Excessive administration of water to previously deprived animals.
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| − | ** Administration of large volumes of water to animals with acute renal failure.
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| − |
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| − | ====Effects====
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| − |
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| − | * The ECF osmolality is reduced.
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| − | * Water is transferred to the cells and they become "water-logged".
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| − | ** Intracellular oedema in the CNS results in convulsions and death.
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| | ===Excess of Both Sodium and Water=== | | ===Excess of Both Sodium and Water=== |