Changes

| '''Heart'''

| '''Heart'''

| Decreased Activity

| Decreased Activity

|-

|-}

The ANS integrating centres are located in the spinal cord, medulla oblongata and the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus functions as the principle coordinating centre for the ANS and also has the ability to affect other ANS coordination centres within other parts of the CNS. For example, there is a close association between the hypothalamus and the ''limbic system'' (emotion centre). There is also considerable connectivity between the hypothalamus and the cerebral cortex. Therefore autonomic functionality is not independent of thoughts or emotions; fear and anger have the ability to activate the SNS whilst anticipation of food stimulates the PNS resulting in increased salivation and intestinal peristalsis. It should be noted that although the ANS and higher processes such as the cerebral cortex are connected, the connection is indirect. Sensory cells within the ANS do not convey information directly to the cerebral cortex and therefore the animal is not normally aware of the impact that their thoughts and emotions are having on their organs.

The ANS integrating centres are located in the spinal cord, medulla oblongata and the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus functions as the principle coordinating centre for the ANS and also has the ability to affect other ANS coordination centres within other parts of the CNS. For example, there is a close association between the hypothalamus and the ''limbic system'' (emotion centre). There is also considerable connectivity between the hypothalamus and the cerebral cortex. Therefore autonomic functionality is not independent of thoughts or emotions; fear and anger have the ability to activate the SNS whilst anticipation of food stimulates the PNS resulting in increased salivation and intestinal peristalsis. It should be noted that although the ANS and higher processes such as the cerebral cortex are connected, the connection is indirect. Sensory cells within the ANS do not convey information directly to the cerebral cortex and therefore the animal is not normally aware of the impact that their thoughts and emotions are having on their organs.