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Rhodococcus equi is a gram-positive aerobic, intracellular, saprophyte found worldwide in the soil and in the intestinal tract of animals. It replicates at warm temperatures in soils contaminated by faeces of herbivores and is an opportunistic respiratory pathogen of foals under 6 months causing suppurative [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Rhodococcus_equi|bronchoneumonia]].   

Rhodococcus equi is a gram-positive aerobic, intracellular, saprophyte found worldwide in the soil and in the intestinal tract of animals. It replicates at warm temperatures in soils contaminated by faeces of herbivores and is an opportunistic respiratory pathogen of foals under 6 months causing suppurative [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Rhodococcus_equi|bronchoneumonia]].   

Pastures can become heavily contaminated leading to outbreaks of the disease. The organism can be present in the faeces of adult horses and also healthy foals, without causing clincal disease. Transmission can be via inhalation of dust contaminated with R. equi.<br>

Pastures can become heavily contaminated leading to outbreaks of the disease. The organism can be present in the faeces of adult horses and also healthy foals, without causing clincal disease. Transmission can be via inhalation of dust contaminated with R. equi.<br>  

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== Clinical Signs<br> ==

== Clinical Signs<br> ==

[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Rhodococcus_equi|Bronchoneumonia]] and lung abscessation in foals less than 4 months old. Acute disease in 1 month-old foals with signs such as acute fever, anorexia, bronchopneumonia. In older foals, 2- 4 months the disease is more insidious with signs such as coughing, dyspnoea, weight loss, exercise intolerance, loud, moist rattlles on lung auscultation. There is occasionally diarrhoea seen, due to granulomatous ulcerative enterocolitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis and [[Peritonitis|peritonitis]] in some foals following ingestion of contaminated sputum.<br>

[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Rhodococcus_equi|Bronchoneumonia]] and lung abscessation in foals less than 4 months old. Acute disease in 1 month-old foals with signs such as acute fever, anorexia, bronchopneumonia. In older foals, 2- 4 months the disease is more insidious with signs such as coughing, dyspnoea, weight loss, exercise intolerance, loud, moist rattlles on lung auscultation. There is occasionally diarrhoea seen, due to granulomatous ulcerative enterocolitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis and [[Peritonitis|peritonitis]] in some foals following ingestion of contaminated sputum.<br>  

Foals over 6 months refractory to pulmonary infection, but superficial abscesses may occur in in horses over 6 months.<br>

Foals over 6 months refractory to pulmonary infection, but superficial abscesses may occur in in horses over 6 months.<br>  

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== Diagnosis ==

== Diagnosis ==

History of the disease on the farm, age of foals and clinical signs are used to make a presumptive diagnosis. Auscultation and radiography of thorax confirms pulmonary disease.  

History of the disease on the farm, age of foals and clinical signs are used to make a presumptive diagnosis. Auscultation and radiography of thorax confirms pulmonary disease.  

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== Treatment/control ==

== Treatment and Control  ==

Oral rifampin and erythromycin for 4-10 weeks is the treatment of choice for this disease. Rehydration therapy if diarrhoea is invloved may be needed. Bronchodilators and expectorantscan be used supportively if pneumonia is severe.<br>

Oral rifampin and erythromycin for 4-10 weeks is the treatment of choice for this disease. Rehydration therapy if diarrhoea is invloved may be needed. Bronchodilators and expectorantscan be used supportively if pneumonia is severe.<br>  

Control measures include preventing build-up of bacteria in environment by removing manure from pastures regularly and rotating foals and mares onto clean pastures regularly.&nbsp;Dusty conditions in paddocks should be avoided and poo- picking should be performed regularlyto keep pastures clean. In sickly looking foals, hyperimmune serum from the dam may be given to the foal in the first month of life.&nbsp;  

Control measures include preventing build-up of bacteria in environment by removing manure from pastures regularly and rotating foals and mares onto clean pastures regularly.&nbsp;Dusty conditions in paddocks should be avoided and poo- picking should be performed regularlyto keep pastures clean. In sickly looking foals, hyperimmune serum from the dam may be given to the foal in the first month of life.&nbsp;  

<br> [[Image:Pyogranulomatous lungs due to Rhodococcus Equi.jpg|thumb|right|100px|<small><center>Pyogranulomatous lesions due to Rhodococcus equi (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]  

<br> [[Image:Pyogranulomatous lungs due to Rhodococcus Equi.jpg|thumb|right|100px|<small><center>Pyogranulomatous lesions due to Rhodococcus equi (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]  

== References ==

== References ==

Brown, C.M, Bertone, J.J. (2002) The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult- Equine', Lippincott, Williams &amp; Wilkins <br>Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) Equine Internal Medicine (Third Edition), Saunders.<br>Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M, Sellon, D.C. (2004) Equine Internal Medicine (Second Edition) Saunders.<br>Robinson, N.E., Sprayberry, K.A. (2009) Current Therapy in Equine Medicine (Sixth Edition) Saunders Elsevier<br>Rose, R. J. and Hodgson, D. R. (2000) Manual of Equine Practice (Second Edition) Sauders. <br>

Brown, C.M, Bertone, J.J. (2002) The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult- Equine', Lippincott, Williams &amp; Wilkins <br>Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) Equine Internal Medicine (Third Edition), Saunders.<br>Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M, Sellon, D.C. (2004) Equine Internal Medicine (Second Edition) Saunders.<br>Robinson, N.E., Sprayberry, K.A. (2009) Current Therapy in Equine Medicine (Sixth Edition) Saunders Elsevier<br>Rose, R. J. and Hodgson, D. R. (2000) Manual of Equine Practice (Second Edition) Sauders. <br>  

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== Literature Search ==

== Literature Search ==

[[Image:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]  

[[Image:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]