Changes

== Structure  ==

== Structure  ==

The '''mamma (pleural = mammae) ''' is the glandular structure associated with a '''papilla '''(teat)and may contain one or more duct systems. The '''udder''' is a term designating all the mammae in the ruminant and the mare (sometimes used for the sow). The '''lobes''' are the internal compartments of the mamma, separated by adipose tissue. The lobes are divided into '''lobules''', consisting of connective tissue containing '''alveoli''', which are clusters of milk secreting cells. The '''lactiferous ducts''' are large ducts conveying milk from the alveoli to the milk sinus. The openings of the lactiferous ducts convey milk formed in the alveolus to the gland sinus.  

The '''mamma (pleural = mammae) ''' is the glandular structure associated with a '''papilla '''(teat) and may contain one or more duct systems. The '''udder''' is a term designating all the mammae in the ruminant and the mare (sometimes also used for the sow). The '''lobes''' are the internal compartments of the mamma, separated by adipose tissue. The lobes are divided into '''lobules''', consisting of connective tissue containing '''alveoli''', which are clusters of milk secreting cells. The '''lactiferous ducts''' are large ducts conveying milk from the alveoli to the '''lactiferous sinus'''. The openings of the lactiferous ducts convey milk formed in the alveolus to the gland sinus.  

The '''milk or lactiferous sinus''' is the milk storage cavity within the teat and glandular body. The '''gland sinus''' is part of the milk sinus within the glandular body and the '''teat sinus''' is part of the milk sinus within the teat.  

The '''lactiferous sinus''' (milk sinus) is the milk storage cavity within the teat and glandular body. The '''gland sinus''' is part of the milk sinus within the glandular body and the '''teat sinus''' is part of the milk sinus within the teat.  

The '''teat''' is the projecting part of the mammary gland containing part of the milk sinus. The '''papillary duct '''(teat canal) is the canal leading from the teat sinus to the teat opening and may be single or multiple. The '''ostium '''(teat opening) is the opening of the papillary duct and the exit point for milk or entrance point for bacteria. The '''sphincter''' consists of muscular fibres surrounding the teat opening that prevent milk flow except during suckling or milking.  

The '''teat''' is the projecting part of the mammary gland containing part of the milk sinus. The '''papillary duct '''(teat canal) is the canal leading from the teat sinus to the teat opening and may be single or multiple. The '''ostium '''(teat opening) is the opening of the papillary duct and the exit point for milk or entrance point for bacteria. The '''sphincter''' consists of muscular fibres surrounding the teat opening that prevent milk flow except during suckling or milking.  

=== Veins  ===

=== Veins  ===

In most species'''thoracic and cranial abdominal mammary glands '''drain via '''cranial superficial epigastric veins''' into the '''internal thoracic vein'''. '''Caudal abdominal and inguinal mammary glands '''drain via '''caudal superficial epigastric veins''' into the '''external pudendal vein'''.I

In most species'''thoracic and cranial abdominal mammary glands '''drain via '''cranial superficial epigastric veins''' into the '''internal thoracic vein'''. '''Caudal abdominal and inguinal mammary glands '''drain via '''caudal superficial epigastric veins''' into the '''external pudendal vein'''.I  

Additionally in cattle during the first pregnancy an anastamosis develops between cranial and caudal superficial epigastric veins forming the '''subcutaneous abdominal vein''' (milk vein). As a result some venous drainage from the bovine udder passes in a cranial direction via this vessel, which then drains deeply through the abdominal wall (milk well) into the internal thoracic vein<br>

Additionally in cattle during the first pregnancy an anastamosis develops between cranial and caudal superficial epigastric veins forming the '''subcutaneous abdominal vein''' (milk vein). As a result some venous drainage from the bovine udder passes in a cranial direction via this vessel, which then drains deeply through the abdominal wall (milk well) into the internal thoracic vein<br>  

== Innervation  ==

== Innervation  ==

=== Lymphatic drainage in the cow  ===

=== Lymphatic drainage in the cow  ===

The '''afferent lymphatic ducts''' pass dorsocaudally to reach the '''superficial inguinal''' (mammary) lymph nodes at the dorsocaudal side of the udder. These are&nbsp; usually palpable large, kidney-shaped nodes between the caudal side of the udder base and the thigh. The '''efferent lymphatic ducts''' pass into the abdomen through the inguinal canal to empty into the deep inguinal node.&nbsp;

The '''afferent lymphatic ducts''' pass dorsocaudally to reach the '''superficial inguinal''' (mammary) lymph nodes at the dorsocaudal side of the udder. These are&nbsp; usually palpable large, kidney-shaped nodes between the caudal side of the udder base and the thigh. The '''efferent lymphatic ducts''' pass into the abdomen through the inguinal canal to empty into the deep inguinal node.&nbsp;  

== Histology  ==

== Histology  ==