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==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
The disease varies widely and the prognosis can vary from full recovery to death. Generally if the case is an uncomplicated single episode patients will make a good recovery.
The disease varies widely and the prognosis can vary from full recovery to death. Generally if the case is an uncomplicated single episode patients will make a good recovery.
== Introduction Pancreatitis, Acute Haemorrhagic==
This term is often interchangeable with [[Pancreatic Necrosis, Acute|acute pancreatic necrosis]] or '''acute pancreatitis'''. The condition can be mild or severe, non-fatal or fatal. It usually occurs as a sudden onset condition, often after ingestion of a meal rich in fat, but this depends on what species the condition occurs.
The [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine|Islets of Langerhans]] may become involved thus causing the signs if insulin insufficiency. Pancreatitis may be initiated by trauma which initiates the leakage of enzymes. It can also present as recurrent acute pancreatitis - repeated inflammation with minimal permanent pathology. In the disease process, proteolytic degradation of pancreatic parenchyma, vascular damage and haemorrhage occur as well as necrosis of fat by lipolytic enzymes in the pancreas and surrounding omentum. These changes are concentrated at the periphery of lobules and infiltration by leukocytes indicates inflammation. In mild cases oedema of the interstitial tissue occurs. In more severe cases the [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|pancreas]] is haemorrhagic and oedematous with greyish white areas of necrosis and this may be interspersed with normal parenchyma. The [[Peritoneal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneal cavity]] may contain blood-stained fluid sometimes with droplets of fat. Due to these large amounts of necrotic debris, infection by microorganisms from the [[Alimentary System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|GIT]] is likely, causing abscesses.
== Acute Pancreatitis in other animals<br> ==
In horses, necrosis and inflammation results due to migration of parasites, usually strongyle larvae, releasing pancreatic enzymes causing autodigestion. Destructive granulomatous pancreatitis is a part of multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotrophic syndrome.
In pigs suppuration of the pancreas can occasionally arise as an extension from nearby infection, eg. peritonitis and perforated oesophageal ulcers.<br>
== Introduction Pancreatitis, Chronic Interstitial==
Chronic pancreatitis often occurs following ongoing inflammation with progression to irreversible damage and impaired function. There is usually fibrosis and reduction in acinar mass. This condition can occur in all species as a consequence of obstruction of the pancreatic ducts, vitamin A deficiency may predispose to this. The condition is most common in the dog, but also in cat, horse and cattle. The [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine|islets of Langerhans]] tend to be preserved. If chronic pancreatitis persisits it can lead to Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI). In cats, chronic pancreatitis can also lead to Diabetes Meliitus developing.<br>
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== Chronic Pancreatitis in other animals<br> ==
'''In sheep'''<br>
Necrosis of [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine|exocrine pancreatic cells]] followed by fibrosis can be caused by zinc toxicosis. Focal pancreatitis may occur during [[Picornaviridae#Foot_and_Mouth_Disease_Virus|Foot and Mouth disease]] resulting in [[DM|diabetes mellitus]] during recovery.<br>
'''In horses'''<br>
Chronic pancreatitis can occur sporadically and is usually a consequence of [[Pancreas - Parasitic Pathology|parasitic migration]] or from ascending bacterial infection of pancreatic ducts. It can occur alongside '''chronic eosinophilic gastroenteritis''' and is usually clinically silent. Organ tends to be replaced by scar tissue.<br>
'''In cattle'''<br>
Focal pancreatitis may occur during [[Picornaviridae#Foot_and_Mouth_Disease_Virus|Foot and Mouth disease]] resulting in [[DM|diabetes mellitus]] during recovery.<br>
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==Literature Search==
==Literature Search==
Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' ''Merial''
Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual''' ''Merial''
[[Category:Pancreas_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Pancreatic Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Pancreatic Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Pancreas_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]][[Category:Pancreatic Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Pancreatic Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Expert_Review]]
[[Category:Expert_Review]]
[[Category:Pancreatic_Diseases_-_Pig]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Review]] [[Category:Pancreatic_Diseases_-_Horse]][[Category:Pancreatic_Diseases_-_Sheep]]