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== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

Epistaxis is the presence of blood at the external nares. It is not a condition alone and there are many underlying conditions that cause this clinical sign. There are many causes of epistaxis and these include:

Epistaxis is the presence of blood at the external nares. It is not a condition alone and there are many underlying conditions that cause this clinical sign. There are many causes of epistaxis, which fall into various categories. Below is a comprehensive list of all causes of epistaxis.

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''''Respiratory Tract''''

 

'''Respiratory Tract'''

[[Rhinitis#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Nasal aspergillosis]], [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|Ethmoidal haematoma]], [[Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage]], Rupture of rectus capitus, [[Guttural Pouch Mycosis|Mycotic infection of guttural pouches]], nasolacrimal haemorrhage, nasal/pharyngeal trauma/foreign body, [[Paranasal Sinuses Neoplasia|Sinus neoplasia]], [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Nasal and paranasal sinus cysts|Sinus cyst]], [[Sinusitis]], lower airway disease and [[Pulmonary Neoplasia|Pulmonary neoplasia]].

[[Rhinitis#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Nasal aspergillosis]], [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|Ethmoidal haematoma]], [[Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage]], Rupture of rectus capitus, [[Guttural Pouch Mycosis|Mycotic infection of guttural pouches]], nasolacrimal haemorrhage, nasal/pharyngeal trauma/foreign body, [[Paranasal Sinuses Neoplasia|Sinus neoplasia]], [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Nasal and paranasal sinus cysts|Sinus cyst]], [[Sinusitis]], lower airway disease and [[Pulmonary Neoplasia|Pulmonary neoplasia]].

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''''Cardiac''''

''''Cardiac''''

Mitral insufficiency and atrial fibrillation can causes epistaxis.

Mitral insufficiency and atrial fibrillation can causes epistaxis.

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''''Skeletal''''

''''Skeletal''''

Head trauma, such as rupture of the longis captis muscle or the rectus capitus, or a basihyoid fracture can all cause epistaxis.

Head trauma, such as rupture of the longis captis muscle or the rectus capitus, or a basihyoid fracture can all cause epistaxis.