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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
Epistaxis is the presence of blood at the external nares. It is not a condition alone and there are many underlying conditions that cause this clinical sign. There are many causes of epistaxis and these include:
Epistaxis is the presence of blood at the external nares. It is not a condition alone and there are many underlying conditions that cause this clinical sign. There are many causes of epistaxis, which fall into various categories. Below is a comprehensive list of all causes of epistaxis.
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'''Respiratory Tract'''
[[Rhinitis#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Nasal aspergillosis]], [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|Ethmoidal haematoma]], [[Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage]], Rupture of rectus capitus, [[Guttural Pouch Mycosis|Mycotic infection of guttural pouches]], nasolacrimal haemorrhage, nasal/pharyngeal trauma/foreign body, [[Paranasal Sinuses Neoplasia|Sinus neoplasia]], [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Nasal and paranasal sinus cysts|Sinus cyst]], [[Sinusitis]], lower airway disease and [[Pulmonary Neoplasia|Pulmonary neoplasia]].
[[Rhinitis#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Nasal aspergillosis]], [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|Ethmoidal haematoma]], [[Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage]], Rupture of rectus capitus, [[Guttural Pouch Mycosis|Mycotic infection of guttural pouches]], nasolacrimal haemorrhage, nasal/pharyngeal trauma/foreign body, [[Paranasal Sinuses Neoplasia|Sinus neoplasia]], [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Nasal and paranasal sinus cysts|Sinus cyst]], [[Sinusitis]], lower airway disease and [[Pulmonary Neoplasia|Pulmonary neoplasia]].
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''''Cardiac''''
''''Cardiac''''
Mitral insufficiency and atrial fibrillation can causes epistaxis.
Mitral insufficiency and atrial fibrillation can causes epistaxis.
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''''Skeletal''''
''''Skeletal''''
Head trauma, such as rupture of the longis captis muscle or the rectus capitus, or a basihyoid fracture can all cause epistaxis.
Head trauma, such as rupture of the longis captis muscle or the rectus capitus, or a basihyoid fracture can all cause epistaxis.