Changes

'''Volume overload '''e.g. Valve regurgitation and shunts ([[Patent Ductus Arteriosus|PDA]]). Initial response based on the '''Frank-Starling Law''' and stroke volume increases as preload increases and enables the heart to expel the extra blood. Ultimately the heart decompensates and the chamber enlarges. Fluid will build up in the compartment preceding it. For example, failure of the left atrium in this manner due to mitral regurgitation leads to [[Pulmonary Oedema|pulmonary oedema]].  

'''Volume overload '''e.g. Valve regurgitation and shunts ([[Patent Ductus Arteriosus|PDA]]). Initial response based on the '''Frank-Starling Law''' and stroke volume increases as preload increases and enables the heart to expel the extra blood. Ultimately the heart decompensates and the chamber enlarges. Fluid will build up in the compartment preceding it. For example, failure of the left atrium in this manner due to mitral regurgitation leads to [[Pulmonary Oedema|pulmonary oedema]].  

'''Pressure overload '''e.g. [[Aortic Stenosis|aortic stenosis]] or systemic overload increase afterload so heart muscle hypertrophies. The abnormally thick myocardium may predispose to diastolic failure and [[:Category:Arrhythmias|arrhythmias]].  

'''Pressure overload '''e.g. [[Aortic Stenosis|aortic stenosis]] or systemic overload increase afterload so heart muscle hypertrophies. The abnormally thick myocardium may predispose to diastolic failure and [[:Category:Arrhythmia|arrhythmias]].  

'''Compliance failure '''e.g. [[Cardiac Tamponade|cardiac tamponade]] prevents adequate relaxation of the ventricles and doesn't allow sufficient filling therfore results in diastolic failure.  

'''Compliance failure '''e.g. [[Cardiac Tamponade|cardiac tamponade]] prevents adequate relaxation of the ventricles and doesn't allow sufficient filling therfore results in diastolic failure.  

'''Abnormal rate/rhythm '''e.g sustained bradycardia leads to a low output failure.  

'''Abnormal rate/rhythm '''e.g sustained bradycardia leads to a low output failure.

 

== Clinical Signs  ==

== Clinical Signs  ==