Changes

==== Backward-Congestive Failure  ====

==== Backward-Congestive Failure  ====

Clinical signs are different for each side. In left sided failure signs include dyspnoea and tachypnoea. There may also be lung crackling on ausculatation due to pulmonary oedema and a cough due to left cardiomegaly compressing the left main stem bronchus. In right sided failure there may be jugular distension, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, ascites, positive [[Hepato-jugular reflux|Hepato-jugular reflux ]] and pleural effusion.  

Clinical signs are different for each side. In left sided failure signs include dyspnoea and tachypnoea. There may also be lung crackling on ausculatation due to pulmonary oedema and a cough due to left cardiomegaly compressing the left main stem bronchus. In right sided failure there may be jugular distension, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, ascites, positive Hepato-jugular reflux (Press firmly over the liver and abdomen. A positive test is distension of the jugular vein indicating right sided heart failure.) and pleural effusion.

== Compensatory Mechanisms  ==

== Compensatory Mechanisms  ==