Changes

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

The disease has a very long incubation period (average  4 – 5 years ) and mainly affects animals aged 4-6 years old.  It causes progressive neurological signs which can last several months and results in mortality.  There is no breed or sex predilection, however the incidence of BSE in dairy cows is much greater than beef cows, possibly correlated to the greater use of concentrate rations containing MBM.   

The disease has a very long incubation period (average  4 – 5 years ) and mainly affects animals aged 4-6 years old.  It causes progressive neurological signs which can last several months and results in mortality.  There is no breed or sex predilection, however the incidence of BSE in dairy cows is much greater than beef cows, possibly correlated to the greater use of concentrate rations containing MBM.   

Spongiform encephalopathies also occurred in new species such as the greater kudu, nyala, Arabian onynx, Scimitar horned oryx, eland, gemsbok, bison, ankole, tiger, cheetah, ocelot, puma, and domestic cats, during the 1990s  <ref name="Benbow, 1990">Benbow GM, 1990. Zoo animal BSE. Vet. Rec., 126:441. </ref>,  <ref name="Collinge, 2001">Collinge J, 2001. Prion diseases of humans and animals: their causes and molecular basis. Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 24:519-550.</ref> ,  <ref name="Pruisiner, 1997">Prusiner SB, 1997. Prion diseases. In: Viral pathogenesis. Nathanson, et al., eds. Philadelphia, USA: Lippin-Cott-Raven Publishers, 871-911.</ref>  and in 2005 a goat was confirmed positive for BSE in France.  To date there is no scientific evidence that experimental oral BSE challenge of pigs and poultry with brain material from cattle with BSE results in disease.

Spongiform encephalopathies also occurred in new species such as the greater kudu, nyala, Arabian onynx, Scimitar horned oryx, eland, gemsbok, bison, ankole, tiger, cheetah, ocelot, puma, and domestic cats, during the 1990s  <ref name="Benbow, 1990">Benbow, G.M., 1990. Zoo animal BSE. Vet. Rec., 126:441. </ref>,  <ref name="Collinge, 2001">Collinge, J., 2001. Prion diseases of humans and animals: their causes and molecular basis. Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 24:519-550.</ref> ,  <ref name="Pruisiner, 1997">Prusiner, S.B., 1997. Prion diseases. In: Viral pathogenesis. Nathanson, et al., eds. Philadelphia, USA: Lippin-Cott-Raven Publishers, 871-911.</ref>  and in 2005 a goat was confirmed positive for BSE in France.  To date there is no scientific evidence that experimental oral BSE challenge of pigs and poultry with brain material from cattle with BSE results in disease.

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==