Changes

|order              =Campylobacterales

|order              =Campylobacterales

|family            =Campylobacteraceae

|family            =Campylobacteraceae

|genus              =Campylobacter

|genus              =[[:Category:Campylobacter species|Campylobacter]]

|species            =''C.fetus''

|species            =''C.fetus''

|subspecies        =''venerealis''

|subspecies        =''venerealis''

}}

}}

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

[[File:campylo.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Campylobacter fetus'' Janice Carr 2004, wikimedia commons]]

[[File:Campylobacter fetus 01.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Campylobacter fetus'' Janice Carr, CDC 2004, Wikimedia Commons]]

''Campylobacter fetus'', has the subspecies [[Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus|''fetus'']] and ''venerealis'', belonging to the genus [[Campylobacter species - Overview|''Campylobacter'']]. ''Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis'' causes venereal infection in cattle and infertility in female cattle.

''Campylobacter fetus'', has the subspecies [[Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus|''fetus'']] and ''venerealis'', belonging to the genus [[Campylobacter species - Overview|''Campylobacter'']]. ''Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis'' causes '''venereal infection in cattle''' and '''infertility in female''' cattle.

Bulls are carriers of the disease as they show no clinical signs but bacteria can be found in the glandular crypts of the bulls prepuce. ''Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis'' is therefore spread by coitus or rarely by artificial insemination. It causes catarrhal inflammation in the female genital tract, temporary infertility and prolonged oestrus cycle. [[Endometritis]] prevents implantation until the infection is cleared and causes early embryonic death and occasionally sporadic abortion.

 

'''Bulls are carriers''' of the disease as they show no clinical signs but bacteria can be found in the glandular crypts of the bulls prepuce. ''Campylobacter fetus'' subsp.'' venerealis'' is therefore spread by coitus or rarely by artificial insemination. It causes catarrhal inflammation in the female genital tract, temporary infertility and prolonged oestrus cycle. [[Endometritis]] prevents implantation until the infection is cleared and causes early embryonic death and occasionally sporadic abortion.

 

The cow may remain infertile for 3-5 months before immunity develops, which then lasts 4-5 years. Effective immunity includes induction of [[IgA]] in the vagina and [[IgG]] in the uterus.

The cow may remain infertile for 3-5 months before immunity develops, which then lasts 4-5 years. Effective immunity includes induction of [[IgA]] in the vagina and [[IgG]] in the uterus.

The bacteria may persist in the vagina and be transmitted to bulls.

The bacteria may persist in the vagina and be transmitted to bulls.

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

A fluorescent antibody test on genital discharges from the bull or cow can be diagnostic. A vaginal mucus agglutination test can be done.

A [[FAT|fluorescent antibody test]] on genital discharges from the bull or cow can be diagnostic. A vaginal mucus agglutination test can be done.

An ELISA to [[IgA]] antibodies in vaginal mucus after an abortion can be done in the cow, or PCR for detection in semen.

 

An [[ELISA testing|ELISA]] to [[IgA]] antibodies in vaginal mucus after an abortion can be done in the cow, or PCR for detection in semen.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

A vaccination of bacterin in oil adjuvant can also be done.  

A vaccination of bacterin in oil adjuvant can also be done.  

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2008/20083052195.pdf ''' Bovine venereal campylobacteriosis: an overview.''' Mshelia, G. D.; Singh, J.; Amin, J. D.; Woldehiwet, Z.; Egwu, G. O.; Murray, R. D.; CABI, Wallingford, UK, CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 2007, 2, 080, pp 14 ., 175 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']

|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2008/20083052195.pdf ''' Bovine venereal campylobacteriosis: an overview.''' Mshelia, G. D.; Singh, J.; Amin, J. D.; Woldehiwet, Z.; Egwu, G. O.; Murray, R. D.; CABI, Wallingford, UK, CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 2007, 2, 080, pp 14 ., 175 ref.]

[[Category:Campylobacter species]]

[[Category:Campylobacter species]]

[[Category:Cattle Bacteria]]

[[Category:Cattle Bacteria]]

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]

[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cattle]]

[[Category:Expert Review - Farm Animal]]