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==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Blue eye disease is caused by the virus [[Blue-Eye Paramyxovirus|'''''Blue-eye paramyxovirus (BEP)''''']]. It casues nervous, reproductive and respiratory signs in its domestic host, the pig. The disease is not considered a zoonosis.

Blue eye disease is caused by the virus [[Blue-Eye Paramyxovirus|'''''Blue-eye paramyxovirus (BEP)''''']]. It casues '''nervous, reproductive''' and '''respiratory signs''' in its domestic host, the pig. The disease is not considered a zoonosis.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

The disease affects all age ranges of pigs and also causes reproductive disorder in the boar.

The disease affects '''all age ranges of pigs''' and also causes '''reproductive disorder in the boar'''.

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

'''Generally''' pigs suffer from anorexia, weight loss, reluctance to move, dehydration, periorbital and conjunctival swelling (chemosis) and purulent/serous occular discharge and corneal opacity.  The virus also causes neurological signs including tetraparesis, opisthotonus, dysmetria, proprioceptive disorders, tremors, nystagmus   

'''Generally''' pigs suffer from '''anorexia''', weight loss, '''reluctance to move''', dehydration, periorbital and conjunctival swelling (chemosis) and '''purulent/serous occular discharge''' and '''corneal opacity'''.  The virus also causes neurological signs including tetraparesis, opisthotonus, dysmetria, proprioceptive disorders, '''tremors''', nystagmus   

mydriasis, blindness, decreased or absent menace response and respiratory signs; tachypnea, dyspnea, and open mouthed breathing.

mydriasis, blindness, decreased or absent menace response and respiratory signs; tachypnea, dyspnea, and '''open mouthed breathing'''.

In addition the virus affects different age group and sexes in the following ways:

In addition the virus affects different age group and sexes in the following ways:

'''Piglets and Weaners:'''

'''Piglets and Weaners:'''

Piglet and weaners suffer from prostration, hind limb stiffness, generalised weakness, muscle facsiculations, retarded growth, depression, excitation, head pressing, circling, hyperaesthesia, abnormal behaviour/aggression and coma. In piglets the disease also causes changes in hair coat (dull/rough), occular erosions, enlarged distended bladder and  constipation/reduction in faces or diarrhoea.

Piglet and weaners suffer from prostration, hind limb '''stiffness''', generalised weakness, muscle facsiculations, retarded growth, depression, excitation, head pressing, circling, '''hyperaesthesia''', abnormal behaviour/'''aggression''' and '''coma'''. In piglets the disease also causes '''changes in hair coat''' (dull/rough), '''occular erosions''', '''enlarged distended bladder''' and  '''constipation/reduction in faces or diarrhoea'''.

'''Sows'''

'''Sows'''

In sows the disease causess infertility, reproductive failures, embryonic mortality and return tooestrus in the first third of gestation and stillbirths, small litters and mummification in late gestation.  

In sows the disease causess '''infertility''', reproductive failures, '''embryonic mortality''' and '''return to oestrus in the first third of gestation''' and '''stillbirths, small litters''' and '''mummification in late gestation'''.  

'''Boar'''

'''Boar'''

In the boar it casues male infertility, lack of libido, haemospermia, and orchitis with epidydimitis and swelling of the genitals.

In the boar it casues male '''infertility, lack of libido, haemospermia''', and '''orchitis with epidydimitis''' and swelling of the genitals.

==Epidemiology==

==Epidemiology==

The disease is self limited and closed herds will have sporadic outbreaks of the disease once a herd is infected. The virus can be found in the axon of neurons from it's original site of replication, which is thought to be the nasal mucosa and tonsils.  It is also found in tissues such as lung, liver, spleen, kidney, lymph node, heart and testis;   suggesting that the virus is spread hematogenously.

The disease is '''self limited''' and closed herds will have sporadic outbreaks of the disease once a herd is infected. The virus can be found in the '''axon of neurons''' from it's original site of replication, which is thought to be the '''nasal mucosa and tonsils'''.  It is also found in tissues such as lung, liver, spleen, kidney, lymph node, heart and testis; suggesting that the virus is spread hematogenously.

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

The disease is economically important to central Mexico and it's states.

The disease is economically important to '''Central Mexico and it's states'''.

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

''Blue-eyed disease'' can be diagnosed by a combination of history, above clinical signs, serology, lesions and virus isolation.

''Blue-eyed disease'' can be diagnosed by a combination of history, above clinical signs, serology, lesions and virus isolation.

A week after infection a serological response can be seen using a virus neutralization test and 2 weeks later with a haemagglutination inhibition test.  

A week after infection a serological response can be seen using a '''virus neutralization test''' and 2 weeks later with a '''haemagglutination inhibition test'''.  

The diagnosis can be confirmed using virus isolation on PK15 or primary pig kidney, using samples from infected tonsils, brain or lung.

The diagnosis can be '''confirmed''' using '''virus isolation''' on PK15 or primary pig kidney, using samples from infected tonsils, brain or lung.

During infection lymphocytosis and monocytosis may be observed.

During infection '''lymphocytosis''' and '''monocytosis''' may be observed.

On post mortem all age ranges have corneal opacity which is mainly unilateral.  Piglets show evidence of mild pneumonia, distended bladder and stomach, fibrin strands in the peritoneal cavity and congestion in the brain.  Growers show kidney and pericardial haemorrhages aswell as brain congestion. Necrosis of the seminiferous tubules and rupture of the epidydimis walls and subsequent abscess and granuloma formation has been documented in boars.

On '''post mortem''' all age ranges have corneal opacity which is mainly unilateral.  Piglets show evidence of mild pneumonia, distended bladder and stomach, fibrin strands in the peritoneal cavity and '''congestion in the brain'''.  Growers show kidney and '''pericardial haemorrhages''' aswell as brain congestion. '''Necrosis of the seminiferous tubules''' and rupture of the epidydimis walls and subsequent abscess and granuloma formation has been documented in boars.

'''Differential diagnosis''':PRRS and Pseudorabies.

'''Differential diagnosis''':PRRS and Pseudorabies.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

There is no treatment for ''Blue eye disease''. Supportive medication for respiratory and inflammatory disease should be administered.

There is '''no treatment''' for ''Blue eye disease''. '''Supportive medication''' for respiratory and inflammatory disease should be administered.

==Control==

==Control==

Preventative health programmes to prevent the spread of the disease are the most effective methods of control.  

Preventative health programmes to prevent the spread of the disease are the most effective methods of control.  

Eliminating blue eye disease from affected herds can be achieved by closing the herd, running an all-in/all-out systems, and following good washing and disinfecting protocols.

Eliminating blue eye disease from affected herds can be achieved by ''closing the herd, running an all-in/all-out systems''', and following good '''washing and disinfecting protocols'''.

==References==

==References==