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===Hepatoid Gland Tumours (Perianal Adenomas)===
===Hepatoid Gland Tumours (Perianal Adenomas)===
[[Image:normal perianal gland.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Perianal gland- normal (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)]] * Affect the dog.
[[Image:normal perianal gland.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Perianal gland- normal (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)]]
These tumours arise from the solid, '''modified sebaceous circumanal glands'''. They are the third most common tumour in '''intact male dogs''', and arise more frequently in '''older dogs'''.
[[Image:perianal gland adenoma histopath.jpg|thumb|100px|Perianal gland- adenoma (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)]]
The tumour is '''under hormonal control'''.
Hepatoid glands are also found at the tail head, prepuce and other skin sites, and tumours can also arise from there.
====Clinical features====
Adenomas occur alone or in number, as round, well-differentiated, freely-movable masses. Tumours can become ulcerated and secondarily infected. There can be signs of perianal pain and tenesmus.
====Diagnosis====
'''Cytology''' of the mass will reveal large hepatoid cells with a round, central nuclei, multiple nucleoli, and an abundant cytoplasm. There may be concurrent inflammation or haemorrhage. Cytology cannot distinguish adenomas from [[Adenocarcinoma|adenocarcinomas]], and further investigations should be carried out if malignancy is suspected.
====Treatment====
'''Castration''' is the treatment of choice and 95% of tumours will regress. Administration of oestrogens or anti-androgens can also be considered, but side-effects of those hormones should not be forgotten. Surgical removal of the tumour may be necessary if it is large, or in females.
[[Image:perianal gland adenoma.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Perianal adenoma- gross appearance (Courtesy of Bristol BioMed Image Archive)]]
==Hepatocytic==
==Hepatocytic==