Changes

It is transmitted mainly horizontally via the '''faecal: oral route'''.  

It is transmitted mainly horizontally via the '''faecal: oral route'''.  

Vertical transmission does occur but at low rates.<ref name="Rosenberger">Rosenberger, J. K., Olson, N (1997) '''Viral arthritis.''' In: Calnek, B. W., Barnes, H. J., Beard, C. W., McDougald, L. R., Saif, Y. M eds. '''Diseases of Poultry, edition 10'''. ''Ames, USA: Iowa State University Press'', 711-719</ref>

Vertical transmission does occur but at low rates.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

'''Young chicks''' are more susceptible than older birds. Age related resistance occurs from 2 weeks of age.<ref name="Rosenberger" />

'''Young chicks''' are more susceptible than older birds. Age related resistance occurs from 2 weeks of age.

Tenosynovitis and arthritis are most common in '''broiler/meat breeds''' and also in White Leghorn laying pullets.  

Tenosynovitis and arthritis are most common in '''broiler/meat breeds''' and also in White Leghorn laying pullets.  

Diagnosis is often made from the observation of lameness and swollen hock joints.  

Diagnosis is often made from the observation of lameness and swollen hock joints.  

'''Virus can be isolated''' from the respiratory, enteric and reproductive tracts or from tendons, plasma and blood cells of recently killed birds.<ref> Robertson, M. D., Wilcox, G. E., Kibenge, F. S. B (1984) '''Prevalence of reoviruses in commercial chickens'''. Australian Veterinary Journal, 61(10):319-322; 30</ref>Its site of primary replication is the epithelia of the small intestine. The viruses can then be '''cultured on chicken eggs and chicken embryo liver cell''' cultures. Infection induces formation of '''syncytia, degeneration and holes in the monolayer'''. Presence can be confirmed by '''electron microscopy and PCR'''.

'''Virus can be isolated''' from the respiratory, enteric and reproductive tracts or from tendons, plasma and blood cells of recently killed birds. Its site of primary replication is the epithelia of the small intestine. The viruses can then be '''cultured on chicken eggs and chicken embryo liver cell''' cultures. Infection induces formation of '''syncytia, degeneration and holes in the monolayer'''. Presence can be confirmed by '''electron microscopy and PCR'''.

'''[[Immunodiffusion|Agar gel immunodiffusion]] and [[ELISA testing|ELISA]]''' can be used to detect antibodies serologically.

'''[[Immunodiffusion|Agar gel immunodiffusion]] and [[ELISA testing|ELISA]]''' can be used to detect antibodies serologically.

On '''post-mortem, the digital flexor tendons, metatarsal extensors and tendon sheaths are inflamed, swollen and surrounded by exudate.''' Cartilage may be eroded and synovial membranes haemorrhagic. '''Fibrosis and adhesions''' develop in chronic cases. On histopathology, '''oedema and synoviocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia''' are evident.<ref>McNulty, M. S (1993) '''Reovirus'''. Virus infections of birds. ''Elsevier'' 181-193; 97</ref> Visceral damage varies greatly due to the differing capacity of viruses to disseminate.

On '''post-mortem, the digital flexor tendons, metatarsal extensors and tendon sheaths are inflamed, swollen and surrounded by exudate.''' Cartilage may be eroded and synovial membranes haemorrhagic. '''Fibrosis and adhesions''' develop in chronic cases. On histopathology, '''oedema and synoviocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia''' are evident. Visceral damage varies greatly due to the differing capacity of viruses to disseminate.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

==References==

==References==

 

 

{{CABI source

{{CABI source

|date = 03 July 2011

|date = 03 July 2011

}}

}}

<br><br><br>

<br><br>

 

 

[[Category:Reoviridae]][[Category:Avian Viruses]]

[[Category:Reoviridae]][[Category:Avian Viruses]]

[[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Birds]]

[[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Birds]]

[[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]

[[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]