Changes

The '''[[Macrophages|Macrophages]]''' are important in the defence against extracellular parasites. This is because macrophages are able to secrete [[Cytokines|cytokines]] as well as perform phagocytosis. In this they can act as 'killer cells' through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, for example specific [[Immunoglobulins|IgG]]/[[Immunoglobulins|IgE]] enhances the ability of macrophages to kill schistosomules through the interaction of Fc receptors on the surface of the macrophage. Of the secreted cytokines, the secretion of TNFα is of particular importance. This is because TNFα activates other macrophages and can have toxic effects in high amounts. TNFα also renders hepatocytes resistant to malarial infection when in conjunction with IL-1. Cytokine secretion (in particular IFNγ) can also enhance killing mechanisms using free radicals and O₂-independent toxins (e.g. nitric oxide).

The '''[[Macrophages|Macrophages]]''' are important in the defence against extracellular parasites. This is because macrophages are able to secrete [[Cytokines|cytokines]] as well as perform phagocytosis. In this they can act as 'killer cells' through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, for example specific [[Immunoglobulins|IgG]]/[[Immunoglobulins|IgE]] enhances the ability of macrophages to kill schistosomules through the interaction of Fc receptors on the surface of the macrophage. Of the secreted cytokines, the secretion of TNFα is of particular importance. This is because TNFα activates other macrophages and can have toxic effects in high amounts. TNFα also renders hepatocytes resistant to malarial infection when in conjunction with IL-1. Cytokine secretion (in particular IFNγ) can also enhance killing mechanisms using free radicals and O₂-independent toxins (e.g. nitric oxide).

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As well as the macrophages, the granulocytes form the main effector response to parasitic infection. '''[[Eosinophils|Eosinophils]]''' are very important in the  destruction of larger parasites even though they are less phagocytic than [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]]. Most activity from eosinophils is controlled by antigen-specific mechanisms, for example binding to worms coated with [[IgG]]/[[IgE]] increases degranulation. Degranulation, through the process known as '''exocytosis''', releases enzymes that degrade the parasite into smaller chunks so it can be cleared by phagocytosis. The eosinophils also form the end point of the adaptive immune response to larger parasites with the killing of some larvae being enhanced by the activity of mast cells, for example antigens released by ''S. mansoni'' cause IgE-dependent degranulation of mast cells, the products of which selectively attract eosinophils.

As well as the macrophages, the granulocytes form the main effector response to parasitic infection. '''[[Eosinophils|Eosinophils]]''' are very important in the  destruction of larger parasites even though they are less phagocytic than [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]]. Most activity from eosinophils is controlled by antigen-specific mechanisms, for example binding to worms coated with [[IgG]]/[[IgE]] increases degranulation. Degranulation, through the process known as '''exocytosis''', releases enzymes that degrade the parasite into smaller chunks so it can be cleared by phagocytosis. The eosinophils also form the end point of the adaptive immune response to larger parasites with the killing of some larvae being enhanced by the activity of mast cells, for example antigens released by ''S. mansoni'' cause IgE-dependent degranulation of mast cells, the products of which selectively attract eosinophils.

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