Changes

=Hindlimb=

=Hindlimb=

[[Image:Anatomy images bone promences dog Canine 6.jpeg|right|thumb|150px|'''The Canine Hindlimb Skeleton''']]

[[Image:Anatomy images bone promences dog Canine 6.jpeg|right|thumb|150px|'''The Canine Hindlimb Skeleton''']]

====Canine Bone Specifics====

===Proximal Hindlimb===

The '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ilium|ilium]]''' is large and prominent in canines. In the dog the '''tuber coxae''' has two prominences; the cranial and caudal ventral iliac spines and although not usually visible, both are readily palpable. The '''sacral tuber''' has two prominences; the cranial and caudal dorsal iliac spines. The '''iliac crest''' is wide and convex and the '''ileal wing''' is orientated in an almost sagittal manner and both are easily palpable.

The most proximal bone of the hindlimb is a long bone called the '''femur'''. The proximal end of the femur is curved in a medial direction so that the articular surface of the femur can articulate with the acetabulum of the pelvis (see above). The articulation surface of the femur is called the ''femoral head'' and is at an offset angle compared to the shaft (long axis) of the femur to facilitate articulation. The femoral head itself is spherical in shape and is connected to the shaft of the of the femur by a neck. The spherical head of the femur has a central non-articular area called the ''fovea'' through which the intracapsular ligament attaches. In canines the fovea is central within the femoral head. Lateral to the head of the femur is the ''greater trochanter'' which is a bony process which is approximately the same size as the femoral head and neck in canines. The greater trochanter gives rise to the extensor muscles of the hip (gluteal muscles)which attach to the ischial tuber. Slightly distal to the femoral head and medially there is another small bony protuberance called the ''lesser trochanter'' which gives insertion for the iliopsoas muscles.  

Within the the '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ischium|ischium]]''', the canine '''ischial tuberosity''' is linear in shape.

The femoral head of the canine '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Femur|femur]]''' is circular and is situated in the centre of the head. There is a distinct '''neck''' connecting the femoral head to the shaft and the '''greater trochanter''' is level with the femoral head.

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