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===Histotoxic infections===
===Histotoxic infections===
*Exotoxins cause local tissue necrosis and systemic effects which can be fatal
*Exotoxins cause local tissue necrosis and systemic effects which can be fatal - toxaemia
*''C. chauvei'' and ''C. septicum'' present in muscle as latent spores which can germinate to cause infection
*''C. chauvei'' and ''C. septicum'' present in muscle as latent spores which can germinate to cause infection
*''C. novyi'' type B and ''C. haemolyticum'' have latent spores in the liver
*''C. novyi'' type B and ''C. haemolyticum'' have latent spores in the liver
*Endospores persist in the soil
*Endospores persist in the soil
*Most ingested spores excreted in faeces, but some become dormant in tissues
*Most ingested spores excreted in faeces, but some become dormant in tissues
*Tissue injury leads to reduced oxygen tensions allowing germination and replication of bacteria
*Exotoxins cause local necrosis
*Activated spores in the liver and muscles cause endogenous infections including blackleg, infectious necrotic hepatitis and bacillary haemoglobinuria
*Inoculation of wounds causes exogenous infections including malignant oedema and gas gangrene
===''Clostridium chauvei''===
===''Clostridium chauvei''===
*[[Muscles - inflammatory#Black leg|black leg]]:
**Acute disease of cattle and sheep
**Endogenous infection in young cattle with latent spores in muscles, activated by trauma
**Exogenous infection via wounds in sheep of any age
**Gangrenous cellulitis and myositis caused by exotoxins leads to rapid death
**Skeletal muscle damage with lameness, swelling and crepitus due to gas accumilation
**Dyspnoea due to lesions in tongue and throat muscles
**Myocardial and diaphragmatic lesions can cause sudden death
**Fluorescent antibody test for diagnosis
*Causes [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]], along with [[Clostridium species#Clostridium septicum|''Clostridium septicum'']]
*Causes [[General Pathology - Necrosis#Gas Gangrene|gas gangrene]], along with [[Clostridium species#Clostridium septicum|''Clostridium septicum'']]
===Clostridium novyi===
===Clostridium novyi===