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*Vaccination of lambs with toxoid before 2 months of age to protect against pulpy kidney
*Vaccination of lambs with toxoid before 2 months of age to protect against pulpy kidney
*Avoid sudden dietary changes
*Avoid sudden dietary changes
===''C. piliforme''===
*Spore-forming filamentous Gram negative intracellular pathogen
*Only grows in tissue culture or embryonated eggs
*Causes Tyzzer's disease - severe hepatic necrosis
*Sporadic disease in foals, calves, dogs, cats
*Foals under 6 weeks, found dead or comatose
*Incubation period up to 1 week
*Depression, anorexia, fever, jaundice, diarrhoea
*Hepatomegaly and necrosis on post mortem
*Diagnosis: Warthin-Starry silver impregnation technique demonstrates organisms in hepatocytes
===''C. difficile''===
*Dogs with chronic diarrhoea
*New born foals with haemorrhagic enterocolitis
*Possibly associated with acute colitis in adult horses following antibiotic therapy or grain overload
===''C. colinum''===
*Enteritis in poulty and game birds
*Shed in faeces of clinically affected and carrier birds
*Intestinal ulceration and hepatic necrosis
*Therapeutic antibiotics in drinking water
===''C. spiroforme''===
*Spontaneous and antibiotic-induced enteritis in rabbits
*Enterotoxaemia, fatal within 48 hours
*Oral antibiotics upset the intestinal flora, allowing overgrowth of clostridia