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**Survive in soil as spores
**Survive in soil as spores
**Husbandry, changes in diet and environment predispose to proliferation in the intestine
**Husbandry, changes in diet and environment predispose to proliferation in the intestine
**Abrupt changes to rich diets and intestinal hypomotility due to overeating
*Pathogenesis and pathogenicity:
*Pathogenesis and pathogenicity:
**Clostridial replication and overgrowth in the interstinal tract of sheep
**Clostridial replication and overgrowth in the interstinal tract of sheep
===''C. perfringens'' type A===
===''C. perfringens'' type A===
*Necrotising enterocolitis in pigs and necrotic enteritis in chickens
*Necrotising enterocolitis in pigs and necrotic enteritis in chickens (alpha toxin with lecithinase activity)
*Canine haemorrhagic gastroenteritis
*Canine haemorrhagic gastroenteritis (cytotoxic enterotoxin)
*Typhlocolotis in horses, possibly associated with [[Intestines - Fibrinous/ Haemorrhagic Enteritis#Colitis X|Colitis X]]
*Typhlocolotis in horses, possibly associated with [[Intestines - Fibrinous/ Haemorrhagic Enteritis#Colitis X|Colitis X]]
*Bacterial overgrowth in the intestine of the lamb due to immature bacterial flora
*Bacterial overgrowth in the intestine of the lamb due to immature bacterial flora
*Lack of proteases in the immature gut prevents cleavage of the beta toxin, allowing it to cause disease
*Lack of proteases in the immature gut prevents cleavage of the beta toxin, allowing it to cause disease
*Also alpha and epsilon toxins
*Haemorrhagic enteritis and ulceration in the small intestine
*Haemorrhagic enteritis and ulceration in the small intestine
*Fluid in the peritoneal cavity and pericardial sac due to increased capillary permeability
*Fluid in the peritoneal cavity and pericardial sac due to increased capillary permeability (beta toxin)
*Fatal haemorrhagic enteritis in newborn foals, calves and adult goats
*Fatal haemorrhagic enteritis in newborn foals, calves and adult goats
*Acute enterotoxaemia in adult sheep, 'struck'
*Acute enterotoxaemia in adult sheep, 'struck'
*Sudden death or terminal convulsions in sheep at pasture
*Sudden death or terminal convulsions in sheep at pasture
*Beta toxin plays major role in pathogenesis of the disease
*Beta toxin (lethal, necrotising) plays major role in pathogenesis of the disease - increases intestinal and capillary permeability
*Also alpha toxin (lecithinase)
*Post mortem: jejunal ulceration; hyperaemia in small intestine; fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity; congestion of peritoneal vessels; petechial haemorrhages
*Post mortem: jejunal ulceration; hyperaemia in small intestine; fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity; congestion of peritoneal vessels; petechial haemorrhages
*Haemorrhagic enteritis in piglets
*Haemorrhagic enteritis in piglets
**Necrosis of small intestine
**Necrosis of small intestine
**Predisposing factors include diet changes, coccidial infection and intestinal hypomotility
**Predisposing factors include diet changes, coccidial infection and intestinal hypomotility
*Acute enterotoxaemia with haemorrhagic enteritis in calves, lambs, foals
*Acute enterotoxaemia with haemorrhagic enteritis in calves, lambs, foals, goats
*[[Peritoneal cavity - inflammatory#In cattle|Peritonitis in cattle]]
*[[Peritoneal cavity - inflammatory#In cattle|Peritonitis in cattle]] - sudden death in feedlot cattle
*Starch from partially digested food enterering the intestine from the rumen allows rapid clostridial proliferation
*Starch from partially digested food enterering the intestine from the rumen allows rapid clostridial proliferation
*Epsilon toxin activated by proteolytic enzymes causes toxaemia
*Epsilon toxin activated by proteolytic enzymes causes toxaemia
*Epsilon toxin increases intestinal and capillary permeability; also alpha toxin
*Lambs found dead or with opisthotonos, convulsions, coma in acute phases
*Lambs found dead or with opisthotonos, convulsions, coma in acute phases
*Blindness and head pressing in subacute disease; bloat in later stages
*Blindness and head pressing in subacute disease; bloat in later stages
*Enteritis in rabbits, haemorrhagic enteritis in calves
*Enteritis in rabbits, haemorrhagic enteritis in calves
*ALpha and iota toxins