Changes

When given prior to the start of a procedure, the use of LA may reduce the requirement for GA drugs during surgery. When given at the end of a procedure, prior to GA recovery, they will provide postoperative analgesia.<br><br>

When given prior to the start of a procedure, the use of LA may reduce the requirement for GA drugs during surgery. When given at the end of a procedure, prior to GA recovery, they will provide postoperative analgesia.<br><br>

Useful techniques in the oral cavity include [[Local Infiltration|'''infiltration anesthesia''']] and [[Specific Nerve Blocks|'''regional nerve blocks''']].<br><br>

Useful techniques in the oral cavity include [[Local Infiltration|'''infiltration anesthesia''']] and [[Specific Nerve Blocks|'''regional nerve blocks''']].<br><br>

All clinically used local anesthetics are '''membrane-stabilizing agents'''. They prevent depolarization and thus stop or retard conduction of impulses. Sensation disappears in the following order: pain, cold, warmth, touch, joint and deep pressure. '''Procaine hydrochloride''' is the prototype of all local anesthetics. It is the standard drug for comparison of anesthetic effects. For LA in the oral cavity '''lidocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine''' are all suitable. The local anesthetic drug chosen for postoperative pain relief should ideally have a long duration of action, and therefore '''bupivacaine '''(onset 15 minutes, duration 4–6 hours) '''is the drug of choice'''. Lidocaine can be used during surgery for more immediate effect.<br><br>

All clinically used local anesthetics are '''membrane-stabilizing agents'''. They prevent depolarization and thus stop or retard conduction of impulses. Sensation disappears in the following order: pain, cold, warmth, touch, joint and deep pressure. [[Local Anaesthetics#procaine|'''Procaine hydrochloride''']] is the prototype of all local anesthetics. It is the standard drug for comparison of anesthetic effects. For LA in the oral cavity [[Local Anaesthetics#Lidocaine|'''lidocaine]], [[Local Anaesthetics#Mepivicaine|mepivacaine]],[[Local Anaesthetics#Bupivacaine| bupivacaine]] and ropivacaine''' are all suitable. The local anesthetic drug chosen for postoperative pain relief should ideally have a long duration of action, and therefore [[Local Anaesthetics#Bupivacaine|'''bupivacaine ''']](onset 15 minutes, duration 4–6 hours) '''is the drug of choice'''. Lidocaine can be used during surgery for more immediate effect.<br><br>

==Mechanism of Action==

==Mechanism of Action==