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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
[[Image:Donkey foal.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>Image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (anonymousjack)</center></small>]]
[[Image:Donkey foal.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>Image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (anonymousjack)</center></small>]]
A foal may be orphaned because of its mother’s death, rejected due to antagonistic behaviour or undernourished because of an inadequate milk supply. Alternative means of maintenance must be found until it is at least five months old.
A foal may be orphaned because of its dam’s death, rejected due to antagonistic behaviour or undernourished by an inadequate milk supply. Alternative means of maintenance must be found until at least five months of age.
==Fostering==
==Fostering==
===Colostrum===
===Colostrum===
Colostrum must be given '''within the first twelve hours of life'''; the '''first feed should be within two to four hours of birth'''. The recommended amount is 250 ml every hour for the first six hours, making a total of 1.5 litres.
Colostrum must be given '''within the first twelve hours of life'''; the '''first feed should be within two to three hours of birth'''. The recommended amount is 250 mls every hour for the first six hours, making a total of 1.5 litres. Absorption rapidly falls after 3 hours of age so foals should be encouraged to nurse as soon as possible, if in doubt the foals IgG levels can be measured 16-20 hours after birth.
In a case of rejection of the foal, obtaining the colostrum from the mother would be preferable, or it could be taken from another mare within two days of giving birth. A healthy mare should have enough for 250 ml to be taken off after her own foal has suckled. Clean hands and the mare’s udder before milking and sterilise all utensils.
In a case of rejection of the foal, obtaining the colostrum from the mother would be preferable, or it could be taken from another mare within two days of giving birth. A healthy mare should have enough for 250 mls to be taken off after her own foal has suckled although it is useul to check colostral quality first using a refractometer. Clean hands and the mare’s udder before milking and sterilise all utensils.
Colostrum from a cow is not ideal, although if fed in large quantities it is better than none.
Colostrum from a cow is not ideal, although if fed in large quantities it would be better than having none.
Collect colostrum and freeze at -15° to -20°C. Store in 250 ml batches. When required, defrost slowly in hot water until it reaches 38°C.
Collect colostrum and freeze at -15° to -20°C. Store in 250 ml batches, when required; defrost slowly in hot water until it reaches 38°C.
If the foal has received no colostrum, then plasma should be administered intravenously or by stomach tube during the first twelve hours of life.
If the foal has received no colostrum, or IgG levels are measured at <800mg/dL then plasma (preferably hyperimmune) must be administered intravenously during the first twelve hours of life. Catheter placement and plasma administration is usually performed under sedation. Good levels of sedation in the donkey foal have been achieved with IV diazepam at 0.1-0.25mg/kg.
===Supplementary feeding===
===Supplementary feeding===
If a mare is not producing enough milk for her foal, her diet can be supplemented while she is in lactation. To try to increase milk production, the following methods may be successful:
If a mare is not producing enough milk for her foal, the mare's diet can be supplemented while she is in lactation. To try to increase milk production, the following methods may be successful:
* An injection of oxytocin to stimulate the milk flow
* An injection of oxytocin, 0.5 to 1.0ml to stimulate the milk flow
* Feed lucerne (alfalfa), or allow to graze on lush, green grass
* Feed lucerne (alfalfa), or allow to graze on lush, green grass
==Hand rearing==
==Hand rearing==
[[Image:Donkey foal 2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>Image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (EPei)</center></small>]]
[[Image:Donkey foal 2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>Image sourced from Wikimedia Commons (EPei)</center></small>]]
There may be no alternative but to hand rear. The following points should be considered:
There may be no alternative but to hand rear. Consider:
* '''Personnel''': Hand-rearing a foal is neither easy nor cheap, and those involved should be prepared to commit their time and resources. Experienced, conscientious personnel are essential.
* '''Personnel''': Hand-rearing a foal is neither easy nor cheap, and those involved should be prepared to commit their time and resources. Experienced, conscientious personnel are essential.
* '''Environment''': The foal should be kept in a warm, dry place, and sheltered from the wind. A clean loose box with clean bedding is ideal. The box should have been empty for two or three weeks before housing the foal and there should be no incidence of enteric disease associated with the area.
* '''Environment''': The foal should be kept in a warm, dry place, and sheltered from the wind. A clean loose box with clean bedding is ideal. The box should have been empty for two or three weeks before housing the foal and there should be no incidence of enteric disease associated with the area.
* '''Hygiene''': The box and all equipment used should be cleaned, disinfected and/or sterilised. All personnel who enter the box should take the necessary hygiene precautions, particularly in the first 72 hours
* '''Hygiene''': The box and all equipment used should be cleaned, disinfected and/or sterilised. All personnel who enter the box should take the necessary hygiene precautions, particularly in the first 72 hours
The foal can be given covering antibiotics for the first few days if desired; although this is a matter of preference and is not generally advocated.
===Bottle feeding===
===Bottle feeding===
This is time-consuming, but it is preferable to bucket feeding or intubation. It could be used in the transitional period before a foal is trained to drink from a bucket. Lambs’ teats are the closest in shape and pliancy to those
This is time-consuming, but it is preferred. Could be used in the transitional period before a foal is trained to drink from a bucket. Lambs’ teats are the closest in shape and pliancy to those of a donkey mare.
of a donkey mare.
If the foal rejects the teat, place an index finger in its mouth and, if it does not suck, move the finger against the roof of the mouth. Slowly replace the index finger with the teat once sucking begins. Be patient. Keep the bottle in an upright position.
If the foal rejects the teat, place an index finger in its mouth and, if it does not suck, move the finger against the roof of the mouth. Slowly replace the index finger with the teat once sucking begins. Be patient. Keep the bottle in an upright position.
===Bucket feeding===
===Bucket feeding===
Less time-consuming once the foal has been trained, but it is much harder to introduce than the bottle. It is usually best started when the foal is two weeks or older. Milk should be offered ad lib in a wide, shallow bucket placed at head height. It should be replenished twice daily, and the bucket cleaned thoroughly.
To train, place your fingers into the foal’s mouth and, as it begins to suck, slowly lower your hand into the bucket of milk. It may be necessary to push the foal’s head down to show it the bucket. It may take a whole day for a foal to learn to drink from a bucket.
To train, place your fingers into the foal’s mouth and, as it begins to suck, slowly lower your hand into the bucket of milk. It may be necessary to push the foal’s head down to show it the bucket. At worse, it may take a whole day for a foal to learn to drink from a bucket.
===Nasogastric intubation===
===Nasogastric intubation===
Sometimes a weak foal needs to be fed via nasogastric tube. Insertion of the tube can be quite difficult, and great care must be taken during placement to ensure that the tube is in the oesophagus. Use the smallest diameter tube available, 10 or 12 French diameter and cap end to avoid aerophagia. This can be secured into place with elastoplast or similar, secured to a head collar.
Sometimes a weak foal needs to be fed via nasogastric tube. Insertion of the tube can be quite difficult, and great care must be taken during placement to ensure that the tube is in the oesophagus. A "portex" male urine catheter 20 F can be use to intubate donkey foals but ensure the end is capped to avoid aerophagia. This can be secured into place. As gastric intubation is a risk factor for gastric ulceration in foals the use of Omeprazole (GastroGard®, Merial Animal Health Ltd, UK) may be indicated (although note Gastrogard® is not licensed for use in foals under 4 weeks of age). Donkey foals should be accurately weighed and care taken with dosing of any drugs.
===Protocol for hand rearing===
===Protocol for hand rearing===
The recommended volume of milk for a healthy foal is 100 ml/kg body weight per day. For a 10 kg foal this means one litre of milk a day, ''i.e.'' 10% of its body weight.
The recommended volume of milk for a healthy foal is 100 ml/kg body weight per day. For a 10 kg foal this means one litre of milk a day, ''i.e.'' 10% of its body weight.
A foal naturally sucks from its mother about seven times a day. Ideally it should be fed at two or three hourly intervals, although during the first week it is preferable to feed every one to two hours. If the foal is sick, it
A foal naturally sucks from its mother about seven times a day. Ideally it should be fed at two or three hourly intervals, although during the first week it is preferable to feed every one to two hours. If the foal is sick, it may be unable to tolerate more than 50 to 100 ml every hour, so more intensive rearing is required. As it improves this volume can gradually increase to 200 ml an hour.
may be unable to tolerate more than 50 to 100 ml every hour, so more intensive rearing is required. As it improves this volume can gradually increase to 200 ml an hour.
'''Day 1 and 2''': Feed 100 - 120 ml every two hours (10-15% of body weight) - ten to twelve feeds per day.
'''Day 1 and 2''': Feed 100 - 120 ml every two hours (10-15% of body weight) - ten to twelve feeds per day.
'''Day 3 to 7''': Increase the volume of each feed to 150 - 200 ml (25% of body weight). Reduce the number of feeds to about eight a day, feeding every two or three hours. Milk-based pellets can be offered from one week old. When eating sufficiently, these should be substituted with a grain-based feed.
'''Day 3 to 7''': Increase the volume of each feed to 150 - 200 ml (25% of body weight). Reduce the number of feeds to about eight a day, feeding every two to three hours. Milk-based pellets can be offered from one week old. From 3 weeks old this can be supplemented with Top Spec Comprehensive balancer, introduced slowly up to 100g/kg.
'''Weeks 2 and 3''': Give 300 - 350 ml at each feed, and reduce to six feeds a day on a four-hourly basis. Allow access to fresh water and salt, and consider training to bucket feed. Supply good quality grains and a limited quantity of good quality hay to start the foal weaning. Creep feed of 18% protein is recommended.
'''Weeks 2 and 3''': Give 300 - 350 ml at each feed, reduce to six feeds a day on a four-hourly basis. Allow access to fresh water and salt, and consider training to bucket feed. The foal may pick at the straw bed and allow a limited quantity of good quality hay/haylage and access to grazing to start the foal weaning.
'''Week 4''': Feed 500 ml five times a day. Do not wean off milk until eating adequate dry food. The changeover should be gradual to allow the digestive enzymes to adapt.
'''Week 4''': Feed 500 ml five times a day. Do not wean off milk until eating adequate dry food. The changeover should be gradual to allow the digestive enzymes to adapt.
'''Week 8 to 12''': Weaning can be progressed during this time. Give one litre of feed, four times daily at eight weeks, then three feeds a day at twelve weeks. The foal may still be taking one to two litres of milk a day. A handreared foal should be fully weaned by five months of age.
'''Week 8 to 12''': Weaning can be progressed during this time. Give one litre of feed, four times daily at eight weeks, then three feeds a day at twelve weeks. The foal may still be taking half a litre of milk a day. A hand-reared foal should be fully weaned by five months of age.
==Types of milk==
==Types of milk to consider==
'''Mare’s milk''': This is obviously the best option for the foal, but is not always readily available. Milking a mare is very time-consuming.
'''Mare’s milk''': This is obviously the best option for the foal, but is not always readily available. Milking a mare is very time-consuming.
'''Cow’s or goat’s milk''': This is much easier to obtain but not similar in composition. It contains higher total solids, fat and protein but is considerably lower in sugars. The need to mix powders is avoided, but it can be expensive, particularly with regard to goat’s milk.
'''Cow’s or goat’s milk''': This is much easier to obtain but not similar in composition. It contains higher total solids, fat and protein but is considerably lower in sugars. The need to mix powders is avoided, but it can be expensive, particularly with regard to goat’s milk.
Cow’s milk can be made to resemble mare’s milk more closely by adding one teaspoon of honey to a pint of 2% fat milk. Jersey milk must not be used due to its high fat content. Goat’s milk seems very palatable. It is considered to be good foster milk as the fat particles are smaller than in cow’s milk and so it is more easily digested.
Goat's milk is considered to be good foster milk as the fat particles are smaller than in cow's milk and so it is more easily digested, it also seems very palatable.
Cow’s milk can be made to resemble mare’s milk more closely by adding one teaspoon of honey to a pint of 2% fat milk. Jersey milk must not be used due to its high fat content.
Cow’s milk may contain a surprising number of bacteria so it is advisable to pasteurise it by heating to 70°C for 15 seconds. The milk should then be cooled and dextrose can be added before feeding to the foal.
Cow’s milk may contain a surprising number of bacteria so it is advisable to pasteurise it by heating to 70°C for 15 seconds.
====Suggested formula====
====Suggested formula====
The ideal formulation contains 15% fat, 22% crude protein and less than 0.5% fibre.
The ideal formulation contains 15% fat, 22% crude protein and less than 0.5% fibre.
Calf milk replacers are not recommended. They are a poor source of high quality protein and often contain antibiotics. There are suggested formulae for calf milk replacers without antibiotics.
Calf milk replacers are not recommended. They are a poor source of high quality protein and often contain antibiotics. There are suggested formulae for calf milk replacers (Denkavit) without antibiotics.
Human formulae should be avoided, as they are not well tolerated by the foal’s gastrointestinal tract. However, there is experience in developing countries of human milk being used with no reported problems.
Human formulae should be avoided, as they are not well tolerated by the foal’s gastrointestinal tract. However, there is experience in developing countries of human milk being used with no reported problems.
Poor milk replacers can cause stunted growth. It should also be noted that following the manufacturer’s guidelines may cause dehydration and constipation. It may best to use 12.5% solution of replacer, giving 10% of the foal’s body weight and slowly increasing by day 10 to 20% body weight.
Poor milk replacers can cause stunted growth. It should also be noted that following the manufacturer’s guidelines may cause dehydration and constipation. It may best to use 12.5% solution of replacer, giving 10% of the foal’s body weight and slowly increasing by day 10 to 20% body weight.
There are many brands of artificial milk available for foals.
There are many brands of artificial milk available for foals, just 'google' foal milk replacer.
Some are listed here:
===Aintree foal milk replacer===
Battle, Hayward & Bower Ltd. Tel: 01522 529206. bhb@battles.co.uk
Nutrecare. Tel. 01562 825978. support@nutrecare.co.uk
Equilac
Dodson & Horrell. Tel: 01832 737300.
===Mares milk replacer===
Baileys Horse Feeds. Tel: 01371 850247. info@baileyshorsefeeds.co.uk
==Diarrhoea==
==Diarrhoea==
[[Image:Donkey foal 3.JPG|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary]</center></small>]]
[[Image:Donkey foal 3.JPG|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary]</center></small>]]
===Causes and prevention===
===Nutritional diarrhoea: Causes and prevention===
* The processing of milk substitute causes a loss in basic amino acids. ''A good quality replacer with 22% crude protein should be chosen.''
* The processing of milk substitute causes a loss in basic amino acids. ''A good quality replacer with 22% crude protein should be chosen.''
* Shop-bought milk can contain quite high levels of bacteria, which may or may not be pathogenic
* Shop-bought milk can contain quite high levels of bacteria, which may or may not be pathogenic
* Sudden diet changes can upset the digestive enzymes. ''Changes should always be made slowly.''
* Sudden diet changes can upset the digestive enzymes. ''Changes should always be made slowly.''
===Lactose intolerance: Causes and treatment===
Lactose intolerance diarrhoea can be found mostly secondary to intestinal damage caused by an infectious agent and can be identified rapidly as it responds to the removal of the milk and returns when milk is fed again. Oral lactase therapy has been used in donkey foals. 4-6 drops PO q 4h of Colief® (Crosscare Ltd)
===Treatment of diarrhoea===
===Treatment of diarrhoea===
The milk substitute should be withdrawn and replaced with a solution of 50 g glucose in 500 ml warm, boiled water for one or two days. The return to milk should be gradual, alternating with the solution. The number of feeds per day should be increased with the same total daily consumption. Consideration should be given to supplementing with lactobacillus paste during dietary changes.
The milk substitute should be withdrawn and replaced with a solution of 50 g glucose in 500 ml warm, boiled water for one or two days. The return to milk should be gradual, alternating with the solution. The number of feeds per day should be increased with the same total daily consumption. Consideration should be given to supplementing with lactobacillus paste during dietary changes.
Intolerance to the milk substitute causes colic, diarrhoea and/or bloat. This could also indicate gastroduodenal ulceration, so sucralfate should be administered as routine. Decreasing the volumes or increasing the frequency can be tried, or a change to an alternative source.
Intolerance to the milk substitute causes colic, diarrhoea and/or bloat. This could also indicate gastroduodenal ulceration, so antiulcer medication should be considered. Decreasing the volumes or increasing the frequency can be tried, or change to an alternative source.