Changes

==Consequences of Vitamin D Deficiency==

==Consequences of Vitamin D Deficiency==

====Dogs:====  

====Dogs:====  

Puppies fed vitamin D deficient diets become '''lethargic, have poor muscle tone, develop bowing of the limbs (i.e., rickets), and diffuse osteopenia with pathologic fractures'''<ref name="NRC"/><ref>Malik R, et al. Rickets in a litter of racing greyhounds. J Small Anim Pract 1997;38:109-114.</ref><ref>Taylor MB, et al. Diffuse osteopenia and myelopathy in a puppy fed a diet composed of an organic premix and raw ground beef. JAVMA 2009;234:1041-1048.</ref>. In adult dogs, clinical signs of calcium deficiency (e.g., osteopenia and pathologic fractures) due to inadequate vitamin D intake may take years to develop and is typically associated with unbalanced home-prepared diets<ref>De Fornel-Thibaud P, et al. Unusual case of osteopenia associated with nutritional calcium and vitamin D deficiency in an adult dog. JAAHA 2007;43:52-60.</ref>.

Puppies fed vitamin D deficient diets become '''lethargic, have poor muscle tone, develop bowing of the limbs (i.e. [[rickets]]), and diffuse osteopenia with pathologic fractures'''<ref name="NRC"/><ref>Malik R, et al. Rickets in a litter of racing greyhounds. J Small Anim Pract 1997;38:109-114.</ref><ref>Taylor MB, et al. Diffuse osteopenia and myelopathy in a puppy fed a diet composed of an organic premix and raw ground beef. JAVMA 2009;234:1041-1048.</ref>. In adult dogs, clinical signs of calcium deficiency (e.g. osteopenia and pathologic fractures) due to inadequate vitamin D intake may take years to develop and is typically associated with unbalanced home-prepared diets<ref>De Fornel-Thibaud P, et al. Unusual case of osteopenia associated with nutritional calcium and vitamin D deficiency in an adult dog. JAAHA 2007;43:52-60.</ref>.

====Cats:====  

====Cats:====  

Kittens fed vitamin D deficient diets have '''poor food intake, lose weight, develop generalized ataxia that progresses to caudal paralysis, and develop diffuse osteopenia with pathologic fractures'''<ref>Gershoff SN, et al. The effect of vitamin D-deficient diets containing various Ca:P ratios on cats. J Nutr 1957;63:79-93.</ref><ref>Morris JG, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in kittens exposed to ultraviolet light or sunlight. FASEB J 1994;8:A190.</ref>.

Kittens fed vitamin D deficient diets have '''poor food intake, lose weight, develop generalized ataxia that progresses to caudal paralysis, and develop diffuse osteopenia with pathologic fractures'''<ref>Gershoff SN, et al. The effect of vitamin D-deficient diets containing various Ca:P ratios on cats. J Nutr 1957;63:79-93.</ref><ref>Morris JG, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in kittens exposed to ultraviolet light or sunlight. FASEB J 1994;8:A190.</ref>.

Vitamin D deficiencies can occur due to '''low dietary intake''', but also as a result of '''intestinal diseases affecting absorption of dietary fat''' (e.g., [[Protein Losing Enteropathy|protein-losing enteropathy]]), '''liver disease''' resulting in inadequate conversion of vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D, or with '''kidney disease''' and inadequate conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D.

Vitamin D deficiencies can occur due to '''low dietary intake''', but also as a result of '''intestinal diseases affecting absorption of dietary fat''' (e.g. [[Protein Losing Enteropathy|protein-losing enteropathy]]), '''[[Liver - Pathology|liver disease]]''' resulting in inadequate conversion of vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D, or with '''[[:Category:Kidney - Pathology|kidney disease]]''' and inadequate conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D.

==Toxicity==

==Toxicity==