Changes

The ruminant stomach is composed of 4 separate compartments. Food passes first into the [[The Rumen|rumen]], then [[The Reticulum|reticulum]], [[The Omasum|omasum]] and finally into the [[The Abomasum|abomasum]] before entering the [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]]. The first three stomachs are adapted to digest complex carbohydrates with the aid of microorganisms which produce [[Volatile Fatty Acids - Anatomy & Physioogy|volatile fatty acids]]- the major energy source of ruminants. The last stomach, the [[The Abomasum|abomasum]] resembles the simple [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|monogastric stomach]] in structure and function.

The ruminant stomach is composed of 4 separate compartments. Food passes first into the [[The Rumen|rumen]], then [[The Reticulum|reticulum]], [[The Omasum|omasum]] and finally into the [[The Abomasum|abomasum]] before entering the [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]]. The first three stomachs are adapted to digest complex carbohydrates with the aid of microorganisms which produce [[Volatile Fatty Acids - Anatomy & Physioogy|volatile fatty acids]]- the major energy source of ruminants. The last stomach, the [[The Abomasum|abomasum]] resembles the simple [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|monogastric stomach]] in structure and function.

The microorganisms in the ruminant stomach also synthesis all of the B vitamins, vitamin C and vitamin K. Vitamin synthesis in the rumen is sufficient for growth and maintenance. Only vitamins E, D and A should be provided in the ruminant diet. Under normal conditions, ruminants will not require B vitamins added in the diet. Cobalt is needed for vitamin B12 synthesis and so cobalt should be provided in the diet or vitamin B12 injected directly into the bloodstream. In stress conditions, vitamins B3 (Niacin) and vitamin B1 (Thiamine) may also need to be provided in the diet.

The microorganisms in the ruminant stomach also synthesis all of the B vitamins, vitamin C and vitamin K. Vitamin synthesis in the rumen is sufficient for growth and maintenance. Only vitamins E, D and A should be provided in the ruminant diet. Under normal conditions, ruminants will not require B vitamins added in the diet. Cobalt is needed for vitamin B12 synthesis and so cobalt should be provided in the diet or vitamin B12 injected directly into the bloodstream. In stress conditions, vitamin B3 (Niacin) and vitamin B1 (Thiamine) may also need to be provided in the diet.

The ruminant stomach occupies most of the left hand side of the abdomen. It is a vast structure, holding up to 60 litres in an adult cow. The [[The Rumen|rumen]] holds 80%, [[The Reticulum|reticulum]] 5%, [[The Omasum|omasum]] 8% and [[The Abomasum|abomasum]] 7% in larger ruminants. In smaller ruminants the proportions are slightly different, with the [[The Rumen|rumen]] holding 75%, [[The Reticulum|reticulum]] 8%, [[The Omasum|omasum]] 4% and [[The Abomasum|abomasum]] 13%.

The ruminant stomach occupies most of the left hand side of the abdomen. It is a vast structure, holding up to 60 litres in an adult cow. The [[The Rumen|rumen]] holds 80%, [[The Reticulum|reticulum]] 5%, [[The Omasum|omasum]] 8% and [[The Abomasum|abomasum]] 7% in larger ruminants. In smaller ruminants the proportions are slightly different, with the [[The Rumen|rumen]] holding 75%, [[The Reticulum|reticulum]] 8%, [[The Omasum|omasum]] 4% and [[The Abomasum|abomasum]] 13%.