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==Introduction==

==Introduction==

The gizzard is also referred to as the muscular stomach or ventriculus. It is connected by the isthmus to the [[The Proventriculus - Anatomy & Physiology|proventriculus]] and to the [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]].

The gizzard is also referred to as the muscular stomach or '''ventriculus'''. It is connected by the '''isthmus''' to the '''[[Proventriculus - Anatomy & Physiology|proventriculus]]''' and to the '''[[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]]'''.

 

==Structure and Function==

==Structure and Function==

[[Image:Gizzard Anatomy.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Gizzard Anatomy - RVC 2008]]

[[Image:Gizzard Anatomy.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Gizzard Anatomy - RVC 2008]]

*Mechanical reduction of tougher material through powerful muscular development

The gizzard allows mechanical reduction of tougher material through powerful muscular development. It is cranial to the [[Avian Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]. It contacts the sternum and lower left abdominal wall as well as the [[Avian Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]. Dorsally the abdominal air sacs separate it from the intestines and gonads. The [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]] and [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|pancreas]] lie at its caudal right surface. It is more caudal than the [[Proventriculus - Anatomy & Physiology|proventriculus]] and is roughly on the midline of the bird. It is lens shaped and the interior is elongated by the cranial and caudal blind sacs. The cranial blind sac contacts the [[Proventriculus - Anatomy & Physiology|proventriculus]]. The pylorus is on right surface next to the cranial blind sac.

 

*Cranial to the liver and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] (contacts the liver)

 

*Contacts the sternum and lower left abdominal wall

 

*Dorsally the abdominal air sacs separate it from the intestines and gonads

 

*[[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|Duodenum]] and pancreas lies in its caudal right surface

 

*More caudal than the [[The Proventriculus - Anatomy & Physiology|proventriculus]]

*Roughly on the midline of the bird

The gizzard consists of two thick masses of muscle that insert on tendonous surfaces. In seed eating birds, grit is digested to increase the grinding down of food particles. Its surface is covered by a glistening tendonous layer. The cranial and caudal extremities are formed by a powerful red muscular tissue. A circular '''aponeurosis''' is present, connecting the cranial end of the gizzard to the isthmus and the caudal end to the [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]]. It appears yellow due to bile reflux from the [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]]. When the thin muscles of the gizzard contract, food passes from the gizzard into the [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]], when the thick muscles of the gizzard contract, food moves back into the [[Proventriculus - Anatomy & Physiology|proventriculus]].

 

 

 

 

 

*Two thick masses of muscle that insert on tendonous surfaces

 

*In seed eating birds grit is digested to increase grinding down of food particles

 

*Surface covered by glistening tendonous layer

 

*The cranial and caudal extremities are formed by powerful red muscular tissue

 

*A circular aponeurosis is present connecting the cranial end of the gizzard to the isthmus and the caudal end to the [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]]

 

*Appears yellow due to bile reflux from the [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]]

 

*When the thin muscles of the gizzard contract, food passes from the gizzard into the [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]]

 

*When the thick muscles of the gizzard contract, food moves back into the [[The Proventriculus - Anatomy & Physiology|proventriculus]]

 

[[Image:Gizzard Histology.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Gizzard Histology- Dr. Thomas Caceci]]

==Histology==

==Histology==

*Thin, but tough mucous membrane

The '''cuticle of koilin''' is a carbohydrate complex, present due to the solidifying of the glandular secretion. It is replenished as it is worn down.

There is no gizzard in '''falconiformes''' (raptors etc.) or in '''stringiformes''' (owls etc.). There is also no gizzard in '''gulls'''.

 

 

 

*Cuticle of koilin a carbohydrate complex is present due to the solidifying of the glandular secretion. It is replenished as it is worn down.

 

*No gizzard in falconiformes (raptors etc.)

|OVAM = [http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/interactive-avian-anatomy-digestive-system-4 Avian Interactive Anatomy - Gizzard 1]<br>[http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/interactive-avian-anatomy-digestive-system-3 Avian Interactive Anatomy - Gizzard 2]

==Webinars==

 

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==Other Information==