Changes

AML may be subtyped by flow cytometry using lineage specific antigens, by immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry or cell morphology in cases showing differentiation.

AML may be subtyped by flow cytometry using lineage specific antigens, by immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry or cell morphology in cases showing differentiation.

[[File:NWLLabfacts 31.jpg|thumb|Acute myeloid leukaemia NationWide Laboratories]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 31.jpg|thumb|'''Acute myeloid leukaemia''' ©NationWide Laboratories 2017 ]]

Whilst dyshaematopoiesis with disorderly maturation suggests neoplasia it can occur during repopulation of bone marrow after destruction (Parvovirus, toxic effect, radiation). With repopulation, although initially immature cells predominate mimicking leukaemia, progressive maturation leads to an orderly population. Therefore, in certain cases, sequential monitoring of the bone marrow may be necessary.  

Whilst dyshaematopoiesis with disorderly maturation suggests neoplasia it can occur during repopulation of bone marrow after destruction (Parvovirus, toxic effect, radiation). With repopulation, although initially immature cells predominate mimicking leukaemia, progressive maturation leads to an orderly population. Therefore, in certain cases, sequential monitoring of the bone marrow may be necessary.  

In cats lymph node FNA is generally not sufficient to confirm lymphoma due to the difficulties encountered when trying to differentiate lymphoma from the range of benign hyperplastic syndromes unique to this species. Biopsy with histopathological evaluation is required for a definitive diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry can be used to determine phenotype but this has not been reliably proved to predict outcome.

In cats lymph node FNA is generally not sufficient to confirm lymphoma due to the difficulties encountered when trying to differentiate lymphoma from the range of benign hyperplastic syndromes unique to this species. Biopsy with histopathological evaluation is required for a definitive diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry can be used to determine phenotype but this has not been reliably proved to predict outcome.

[[File:NWLLabfacts 32.jpg|thumb|Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) NationWide Laboratories]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 32.jpg|thumb|'''Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)''' ©NationWide Laboratories 2017 ]]

'''Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL).''' Describes the condition where lymphoblasts and prolymphocytes are present in the bone marrow and/or peripheral circulation. There may be lymphocytosis, frequently with neutropaenia, thrombocytopaenia and a moderate-severe nonregenerative anaemia. Clinical progression is rapid due to myelophthisic disease. Diagnosis requires bone marrow cytologic assessment; lymphoblasts may be difficult to differentiate from other blast cells, cytochemical techniques can be used, however, flow cytometry is the method of choice. Most cases of feline ALL have a T cell phenotype and are FeLV (or FIV) positive. In dogs neoplastic cells in ALL may have a B cell, T cell, NK or null cell phenotype.  

'''Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL).''' Describes the condition where lymphoblasts and prolymphocytes are present in the bone marrow and/or peripheral circulation. There may be lymphocytosis, frequently with neutropaenia, thrombocytopaenia and a moderate-severe nonregenerative anaemia. Clinical progression is rapid due to myelophthisic disease. Diagnosis requires bone marrow cytologic assessment; lymphoblasts may be difficult to differentiate from other blast cells, cytochemical techniques can be used, however, flow cytometry is the method of choice. Most cases of feline ALL have a T cell phenotype and are FeLV (or FIV) positive. In dogs neoplastic cells in ALL may have a B cell, T cell, NK or null cell phenotype.  

'''Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL).''' Characterised by large numbers of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and bone marrow. Lymphocytosis (6-200 x109/l) is consistently present with normal lymphocyte morphology.

'''Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL).''' Characterised by large numbers of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and bone marrow. Lymphocytosis (6-200 x109/l) is consistently present with normal lymphocyte morphology.

[[File:NWLLabfacts 33.jpg|thumb|Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) NationWide Laboratories]]

[[File:NWLLabfacts 33.jpg|thumb|'''Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)''' ©NationWide Laboratories 2017 ]]

There may be a mild-moderate anaemia and thrombocytopaenia (neutropaenia is rare), lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. This type of leukaemia is seen in older animals and may be an incidental finding when diagnosed. T cell CLL is more common than B cell CLL in dogs and cats. The majority of cats with CLL are FeLV negative. The less common, canine B cell CLL, may have an accompanying monoclonal gammopathy of the IgM type.  

There may be a mild-moderate anaemia and thrombocytopaenia (neutropaenia is rare), lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. This type of leukaemia is seen in older animals and may be an incidental finding when diagnosed. T cell CLL is more common than B cell CLL in dogs and cats. The majority of cats with CLL are FeLV negative. The less common, canine B cell CLL, may have an accompanying monoclonal gammopathy of the IgM type.