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→Biomechanics of Bone
==Biomechanics of Bone==
==Biomechanics of Bone==
*Bone growth and maintenance of normal structure are directly related to mechanical forces
*Mechanical forces generate bioelectrical potentials (piezoelectricity)
**These potentials strengthen bone
**Inactivity reduces the potentials -> bone loss
*'''Wolff's Law''': Bone architecture adapts in response to the loads applied upon it according to mathematical laws
*'''Wolff's Law''': Bone architecture adapts in response to the loads applied upon it according to mathematical laws
**'''Load''': the external force placed on a structure, F
**'''Load''': the external force placed on a structure, F
*Cells use strain as a stimulus to adjust mass and architecture according to load
*Cells use strain as a stimulus to adjust mass and architecture according to load
*Resorption and osteogenesis happen concurrently to maintain bone integrity
*Resorption and osteogenesis happen concurrently to maintain bone integrity
*In neonates:
**Bone growth predominates
**Modelling is important
*In adults:
**Formation of bone is balanced by resorption - remodelling
**Continues throughout life under the influence of hormones and mechanical pressure
**Bone resorption may exceed formation in pathological states (hormonal, trauma, nutritional) or in old age and disuse
==Structure and Function of Cartilage==
==Structure and Function of Cartilage==