Changes

==The Cloaca==

==The Cloaca==

*Colon, ureters and deferent ducts/left oviduct enter at various levels

*[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|Colon]], [[Ureters - Anatomy & Physiology|ureters]] and deferent ducts/left [[Exotics - Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System & Physiology of Egg Formation - Anatomy & Physiology#Oviduct|oviduct]] enter at various levels

*Divided into coprodeum, urodeum and proctodeum by complete annular folds

*Divided into coprodeum, urodeum and proctodeum by complete annular folds

*Some urinary excretions arriving in the cloaca become incorporated with the ingesta and move in a retrograde fashion to the caeca, increasing the absorption of water and electrolytes from the urinary waste

*Some urinary excretions arriving in the cloaca become incorporated with the ingesta and move in a retrograde fashion to the [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caeca]], increasing the absorption of water and electrolytes from the urinary waste

*The coprodeum is the most cranial division of the cloaca

*The coprodeum is the most cranial division of the cloaca

*The urodeum is the middle part of the cloaca

*The urodeum is the middle part of the cloaca

**Caudal to the proctodeum fold

**Caudal to the proctodeum fold

**Uteric opening in dorsolateral wall above the papilla of the deferent duct/oviduct opening

**Uteric opening in dorsolateral wall above the papilla of the deferent duct/[[Exotics - Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System & Physiology of Egg Formation - Anatomy & Physiology#Oviduct|oviduct]] opening

[[Image:Bursa of Fabricus.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Bursa of Fabricus - Copyright Nottingham 2008]]

[[Image:Bursa of Fabricus.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Bursa of Fabricus - Copyright Nottingham 2008]]

*The proctodeum is the caudal segment

*The proctodeum is the caudal segment

==Species Differences==

==Species Differences==

*Galliformes (turkeys and chickens) can move urates from the urinary tract into the colon and caeca where ammonia is released for protein synthesis

*Galliformes (turkeys and chickens) can move urates from the urinary tract into the [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]] and [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caeca]] where ammonia is released for protein synthesis

*Small memebrane coveres the opening of the oviduct into the cloaca in ducks, geese and swans until sexual maturity

*Small memebrane coveres the opening of the [Exotics - Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System & Physiology of Egg Formation - Anatomy & Physiology#Oviduct|oviduct]] into the cloaca in ducks, geese and swans until sexual maturity