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| !width="150"|'''Article''' | | !width="150"|'''Article''' |
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− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''What type of gland is the pancreas?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''Tubuloalveolar''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
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− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''Endoderm, except the connective tissue which develops from splanchnic mesoderm''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
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− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''Ventral''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
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− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''Duodenum; the pancreatic duct opens at the major duodenal papilla with the bile duct; the accessory duct opens at the minor duodenal papilla''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
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− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''Produces a secretion that is alkaline to neutralise stomach acid and contains enzymes for digestion''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
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− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''Which ions are present withtin the secretion of the pancreas?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''Bicarbonate and chloride''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
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− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''To provide the optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, to prevent damage to the thin, absorptive mucosa of the duodenum and to buffer the large intestine''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
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− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''Alpha, beta, delta and F cells''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
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− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''Glucagon, it raises blood glucose level''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
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− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''What is the function of somatostatin?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''It inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
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− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''Increases it''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
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− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on body reserves?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''Catabolic''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
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− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''What is the main target tissue of glucagon?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''Liver''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
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− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
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− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''Pyruvate kinase''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| |- | | |- |
− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''How does glucagon inactivate this enyme?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''Phosphorylation via PKA''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| |- | | |- |
− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''Increases β oxidation of fatty acids''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| |- | | |- |
− | |<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?''' | + | |<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle?''' |
| ||<font color="white"> <big> | | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
− | *'''''Ascending, transverse and descending''''' | + | *'''''Increases the rate of protein catabolism''''' |
− | ||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] | + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
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| + | |<big>'''How may ketosis occur during fasting?''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''The citric acid cycle turns slowly as oxaloacetate is removed to make glucose. Acetyl CoA builds up and is converted to ketone bodies''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''Describe the structure of insulin.''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''A & B chains linked by disulphide bridges''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released.''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''Glucose enters the β cell through GLUT 2 and is metabolised. ATP depolarises the plasma membrane which leads to calcium signalling causing release of insulin''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle?''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''It causes expression of GLUT 4''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate?''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''Increases it in all cells''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''Glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, ketosis and ketonuria''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs?''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''β cell deficiency (mainly) and insulin antagonism''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''What are the two types of diabetes in cats?''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''IDDM and NIDDM''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas?''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''Coeliac (left lobe) and cranial mesenteric (right lobe)''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion?''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''CCK, secretin and gastrin''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into?''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''Pancreatoduodenal''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Lymphatics|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas.''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''Acini, which consist of 40-50 pyramidal epithelial cells which drain into a lumen''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells?''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''Secretory granules containing the zymogen precursors of the pancreatic enzymes''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin?''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''δ cells''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits?''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''Mesoduodenum''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger?''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''Accessory''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have?''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''One, the pancreatic duct''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice?''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''Ruminants''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminants|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| + | |- |
| + | |<big>'''Which shape is the horse's pancreas?''' |
| + | ||<font color="white"> <big> |
| + | *'''''Triangular''''' |
| + | ||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Equine|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]] |
| |} | | |} |
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