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Respiratory Viral Infections (view source)
Revision as of 07:56, 1 August 2008
, 07:56, 1 August 2008no edit summary
*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]]
*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]]
*Although many organs can be affected by CDV, a relatively constant feature is the respiratory signs which occur in varying severity
*Although many organs can be affected by CDV, a relatively constant feature is the respiratory signs which occur in varying severity
*A syndrome of catharral oculonasal discharge, [[Nasopharynx - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]] and [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] is relatively common in the initial stages
*A syndrome of catharral oculonasal discharge, [[Nasopharynx - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] is relatively common in the initial stages
*Since one of the primary sites of action of this virus is lymphoid tissue, the resultant immunosuppression -> predisposition to secondary bacterial infection
*Since one of the primary sites of action of this virus is lymphoid tissue, the resultant immunosuppression -> predisposition to secondary bacterial infection
*May cause [[Lungs - inflammatory#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] where [[General Pathology - Degenerations and Infiltrations#Cellular Inclusions|inclusions]] are found within alveolar macrophages
*May cause [[Lungs - inflammatory#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] where [[General Pathology - Degenerations and Infiltrations#Cellular Inclusions|inclusions]] are found within alveolar macrophages
*Caused by an [[Paramyxoviridae|parainfluenza- 2 virus]]
*Caused by an [[Paramyxoviridae|parainfluenza- 2 virus]]
*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]], [[Trachea - inflammatory|tracheo]][[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]]
*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]], [[Trachea - inflammatory|tracheo]][[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]]
===Infectious canine tracheitis===
===Infectious canine tracheitis===
*Synonyms: '''Kennel cough''', '''Infectious tracheobronchitis'''
*Synonyms: '''Kennel cough''', '''Infectious tracheobronchitis'''
*[[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]]
*[[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]], [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]]
*Multiple agents implicated:
*Multiple agents implicated:
**[[Adenoviridae|Canine adenovirus-2]]
**[[Adenoviridae|Canine adenovirus-2]]
*Symptoms are of a persistent, non-productive cough
*Symptoms are of a persistent, non-productive cough
*Persistent tracheobronchial inflammation
*Persistent tracheobronchial inflammation
*The outcomes is generally recovery (may persist >3 weeks), but extension to [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory|chronic bronchitis]] or cranioventral [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] may occur
*The outcomes is generally recovery (may persist >3 weeks), but extension to [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|chronic bronchitis]] or cranioventral [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] may occur
*In severe cases can extend to serous/mucopurulent [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Rhinitis|rhinitis]]
*In severe cases can extend to serous/mucopurulent [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Rhinitis|rhinitis]]
*Lesions are neither specific nor always significant (catarrhal / mucopurulent tracheobronchitis)
*Lesions are neither specific nor always significant (catarrhal / mucopurulent tracheobronchitis)
*[[Adenoviridae|Adenoviridae]]
*[[Adenoviridae|Adenoviridae]]
*Usually mild [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]], necrosis of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium, oedema, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
*Usually mild [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]], necrosis of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium, oedema, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
*May cause necrotising [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] in immune-deficient dogs ([[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|distemper]])
*May cause necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] in immune-deficient dogs ([[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|distemper]])
*Can be associated with [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious canine tracheitis|kennel cough]] described above
*Can be associated with [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious canine tracheitis|kennel cough]] described above
*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]],
*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]],
*Suggested in the presence of ulceration of the dorsal and lateral edges of the [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]], hard palate and external nares
*Suggested in the presence of ulceration of the dorsal and lateral edges of the [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]], hard palate and external nares
*Lesions present may include [[Lungs - inflammatory#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] with necrotising [[Bronchi and bronchioles#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]]
*Lesions present may include [[Lungs - inflammatory#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] with necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles - Patholgoy#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]]
*Also see Feline viral rhinotracheitis above
*Also see Feline viral rhinotracheitis above
*Sloughing of the affected area
*Sloughing of the affected area
*Severity of signs will depend on dose of virus
*Severity of signs will depend on dose of virus
*Acute [[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheo]][[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] with coughing, and fever
*Acute [[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheo]][[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] with coughing, and fever
*May be accompanied by secondary bacterial infections
*May be accompanied by secondary bacterial infections
*No viraemia
*No viraemia
===Equine viral arteritis (EVA)===
===Equine viral arteritis (EVA)===
*Causative agent: [[Arteriviridae|equine arterivirus]]
*Causative agent: [[Arteriviridae|equine arterivirus]]
*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|Rhinitis]], peripheral oedema, [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory|bronchitis/bronchiolitis]], conjunctivitis, periorbital oedema
*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|Rhinitis]], peripheral oedema, [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchitis/bronchiolitis]], conjunctivitis, periorbital oedema
*Replicates in macrophages and endothelial cells
*Replicates in macrophages and endothelial cells
*Disseminates via the circulatory system causing necrotising arteritis
*Disseminates via the circulatory system causing necrotising arteritis
*[[Adenoviridae|Adenoviridae]]
*[[Adenoviridae|Adenoviridae]]
*May cause necrotising [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] in immune-deficient foals (Arabian foals)
*May cause necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] in immune-deficient foals (Arabian foals)
*Grossly:
*Grossly:
**[[Lungs - ventilation#Atelectasis (Collapse)|Atelectasis]] and consolidation of lobules in cranioventral region
**[[Lungs - ventilation#Atelectasis (Collapse)|Atelectasis]] and consolidation of lobules in cranioventral region
*Causative agent is [[Herpesviridae|'''bovine herpesvirus, type 1''']]
*Causative agent is [[Herpesviridae|'''bovine herpesvirus, type 1''']]
*URT infection with serous nasal discharge, increases respiratory rate, coughing and moderate fever,from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
*URT infection with serous nasal discharge, increases respiratory rate, coughing and moderate fever,from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|Rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]], [[Larynx - inflammatory|laryngitis]], [[Trachea - inflammatory|tracheitis]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory|bronchiolitis]]
*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|Rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]], [[Larynx - inflammatory|laryngitis]], [[Trachea - inflammatory|tracheitis]], [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchiolitis]]
*Morbidity is high, mortality is low
*Morbidity is high, mortality is low
*Highly infectious URT disease of cattle
*Highly infectious URT disease of cattle
*On its own causes [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
*On its own causes [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
*Often part of multi-aetiology disease complex (e.g. [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]), often followed by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella sp.'']] obscuring viral origin
*Often part of multi-aetiology disease complex (e.g. [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]), often followed by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella sp.'']] obscuring viral origin
*Replicates in airway epithelial cells and results in an initial [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis -> bronchiolitis]] -> extension into [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|alveoli]], causing [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
*Replicates in airway epithelial cells and results in an initial [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis -> bronchiolitis]] -> extension into [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|alveoli]], causing [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
*Early stages may show [[General Pathology - Degenerations and Infiltrations#Cellular Inclusions|intracytoplasmic inclusions]]
*Early stages may show [[General Pathology - Degenerations and Infiltrations#Cellular Inclusions|intracytoplasmic inclusions]]
*The resulting exudate is predominantly neutrophilic
*The resulting exudate is predominantly neutrophilic
***Results from bronchoconstriction which results in airway obstruction - this constriction is thought to arise from [[Mast cells - Anatomy & Physiology|mast cell]] degranulation and histamine release
***Results from bronchoconstriction which results in airway obstruction - this constriction is thought to arise from [[Mast cells - Anatomy & Physiology|mast cell]] degranulation and histamine release
*Histologically
*Histologically
**[[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis|Acute bronchiolitis]], characteristic of the bronchiolar response is the formation of syncytial giant cells (formed by proliferating bronchiolar epithelial cells which may contain [[General Pathology - Degenerations and Infiltrations#Cellular Inclusions|intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies]]), alveolar epithelium sometimes affected
**[[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis|Acute bronchiolitis]], characteristic of the bronchiolar response is the formation of syncytial giant cells (formed by proliferating bronchiolar epithelial cells which may contain [[General Pathology - Degenerations and Infiltrations#Cellular Inclusions|intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies]]), alveolar epithelium sometimes affected
**Obstruction of bronchioles by exudate - these may later become obliterated by the fibrous tissue of organisation
**Obstruction of bronchioles by exudate - these may later become obliterated by the fibrous tissue of organisation
*May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
*May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
*Clinical signs: pyrexia, lethargy, skin erythema, anorexia, severe cough and sneezing, dyspnoea, conjunctivitis, pregnant sows may abort
*Clinical signs: pyrexia, lethargy, skin erythema, anorexia, severe cough and sneezing, dyspnoea, conjunctivitis, pregnant sows may abort
*Grossly:
*Grossly:
**[[Trachea - inflammatory|Tracheo]][[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]], airway obstruction -> [[Lungs - ventilation#Atelectasis (Collapse)|atelectasis]]
**[[Trachea - inflammatory|Tracheo]][[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]], airway obstruction -> [[Lungs - ventilation#Atelectasis (Collapse)|atelectasis]]
**[[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|Pleura]] normal or covered with serous or serofibrinous exudate
**[[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|Pleura]] normal or covered with serous or serofibrinous exudate
**[[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|Pleural cavity]] filled with excess fluid
**[[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|Pleural cavity]] filled with excess fluid