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Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology (view source)
Revision as of 17:50, 4 August 2008
, 17:50, 4 August 2008no edit summary
===''Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus''===
===''Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus''===
*Causative agent [[Streptococci|''Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus'']]
*Causative agent [[Streptococci|''Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus'']]
*Can infect the respiratory tract ([[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal cavity]], [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|paranasal sinuses]], [[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|trachea]] and [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchi/bronchioles]])
*Can infect the respiratory tract ([[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal cavity]], [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|paranasal sinuses]], [[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|trachea]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchi/bronchioles]])
*URT infection can be indistinguishable clinically from Strangles, but does not cause suppurative lymphadenitis (cf: ''S.equi subsp. equi'')
*URT infection can be indistinguishable clinically from Strangles, but does not cause suppurative lymphadenitis (cf: ''S.equi subsp. equi'')
*Extensive accumulation of fibrin and necrotic cellular debris on the ulcerated mucosal surface
*Extensive accumulation of fibrin and necrotic cellular debris on the ulcerated mucosal surface
*Lesions appear as dry plaques of fibrinonecrotic exudate and ulceration on the laryngeal mucosa
*Lesions appear as dry plaques of fibrinonecrotic exudate and ulceration on the laryngeal mucosa
*Inhalation of exudate and bacterial organisms may cause [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
*Inhalation of exudate and bacterial organisms may cause [[Bronchi Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
*Death may result from toxaemia or asphyxiation
*Death may result from toxaemia or asphyxiation
*Also may occur in pigs
*Also may occur in pigs
*An unclassified bacteria that can't be grown in culture
*An unclassified bacteria that can't be grown in culture
*Colonises ciliated epithelium in '''rodents''' and ruminants
*Colonises ciliated epithelium in '''rodents''' and ruminants
*Associated with [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|chronic lymphocytic rhinitis]], [[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]] and [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]]
*Associated with [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|chronic lymphocytic rhinitis]], [[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]]
*Clinical disease in '''rabbits''' and '''rodents'''
*Clinical disease in '''rabbits''' and '''rodents'''
*Subclinical disease in ruminants
*Subclinical disease in ruminants
*In clinically normal cattle ''Mann. haemolytica'' serotype 2 is present in low numbers, only in nasal cavity and tonsils
*In clinically normal cattle ''Mann. haemolytica'' serotype 2 is present in low numbers, only in nasal cavity and tonsils
*Clinical signs: depression, anorexia, rapid shallow respiration, crusty nose with mucopurulent discharge, serous ocular discharge
*Clinical signs: depression, anorexia, rapid shallow respiration, crusty nose with mucopurulent discharge, serous ocular discharge
*Acute [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]] and may progress to [[Lungs - inflammatory#Lobar pneumonia|lobar pneumonia]] with toxaemia
*Acute [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]] and may progress to [[Lungs - inflammatory#Lobar pneumonia|lobar pneumonia]] with toxaemia
*Pathology
*Pathology
**Lobar, cranioventral exudative pneumonia with fibrin, [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|fibrinous pleuritis]], areas of coagulative necrosis
**Lobar, cranioventral exudative pneumonia with fibrin, [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|fibrinous pleuritis]], areas of coagulative necrosis
***Caseous lesions, may calcify or be encapsulated
***Caseous lesions, may calcify or be encapsulated
***Multiple foci may coalesce
***Multiple foci may coalesce
***Ulcers in [[Trachea - inflammatory|trachea]] and [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchi]] due to coughed up bacteria
***Ulcers in [[Trachea - inflammatory|trachea]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchi]] due to coughed up bacteria
***Spreads into [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleura]]
***Spreads into [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleura]]
**Microscopically:
**Microscopically:
*Pathogens:
*Pathogens:
**[[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasmas'']]
**[[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasmas'']]
***Mycoplasmal [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] and [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] of calves is an important component of the syndrome of enzootic pneumonia
***Mycoplasmal [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] and [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] of calves is an important component of the syndrome of enzootic pneumonia
***On its own causes Mycoplasmal ("Cuffing") pneumonia responsible for [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis and bronchiolitis]] and [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
***On its own causes Mycoplasmal ("Cuffing") pneumonia responsible for [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis and bronchiolitis]] and [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
***It is thought to pick up host antigens in order to prevent recognition by the body defences as foreign
***It is thought to pick up host antigens in order to prevent recognition by the body defences as foreign
***In uncomplicated mycoplasma infection, the lesions are generally mild and consist of patchy red/purple areas of [[Lungs - ventilation#Atelectasis|atelectasis]] in the '''cranio-ventral lung lobes'''
***In uncomplicated mycoplasma infection, the lesions are generally mild and consist of patchy red/purple areas of [[Lungs - ventilation#Atelectasis|atelectasis]] in the '''cranio-ventral lung lobes'''
*Caused by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella (Manheimia) haemolytica'']], possibly together with [[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae'']]
*Caused by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella (Manheimia) haemolytica'']], possibly together with [[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae'']]
*Mainly in late spring/early summer after environmental stress i.e. handling or moving
*Mainly in late spring/early summer after environmental stress i.e. handling or moving
*May be acute with producing a fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and associated [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
*May be acute with producing a fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and associated [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
*Or tending towards chronicity with abscessation and fibrous pleural adhesions
*Or tending towards chronicity with abscessation and fibrous pleural adhesions
*A septicaemic form (mortality 5%) is reported to follow the stress of movement to new pasture in the autumn in weaned lambs.
*A septicaemic form (mortality 5%) is reported to follow the stress of movement to new pasture in the autumn in weaned lambs.
***Turbinate bone can regenerate by the time of slaughter
***Turbinate bone can regenerate by the time of slaughter
*[[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']] also causes [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
*[[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']] also causes [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
===Necrotic laryngitis in pigs===
===Necrotic laryngitis in pigs===
===Pasteurellosis in pigs===
===Pasteurellosis in pigs===
*[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella multocida'']] can cause a severe acute fibrinous [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in pigs
*[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella multocida'']] can cause a severe acute fibrinous [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in pigs
*The most significant disease here is that caused by ''P. multocida'' secondary to underlying [[Mycoplasmas|''mycoplasma'' pneumonia]], see above [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]
*The most significant disease here is that caused by ''P. multocida'' secondary to underlying [[Mycoplasmas|''mycoplasma'' pneumonia]], see above [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]
**This results in chronic suppurative [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]] with abscessation and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
**This results in chronic suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]] with abscessation and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
*If there is considerable pleural involvement, it may be indistinguishable from lesions caused by ''Haemophilus pleuropneumonia'' (below)
*If there is considerable pleural involvement, it may be indistinguishable from lesions caused by ''Haemophilus pleuropneumonia'' (below)
*Also isolated from cases of meningitis and septicaemia in piglets
*Also isolated from cases of meningitis and septicaemia in piglets
*Seen mainly between 6wks-6mths of age but will affect any age
*Seen mainly between 6wks-6mths of age but will affect any age
*Highly pathogenic strains are capable of initiating disease on their own with high mortality in young pigs
*Highly pathogenic strains are capable of initiating disease on their own with high mortality in young pigs
*A fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] with [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleurisy]]
*A fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] with [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleurisy]]
*Foci of haemorrhagic consolidation or necrosis, mainly around major bronchi, tend to sequestrate
*Foci of haemorrhagic consolidation or necrosis, mainly around major bronchi, tend to sequestrate
*Tending to spread throughout all lung lobes: therefore a cranioventral distribution may not be particularly evident
*Tending to spread throughout all lung lobes: therefore a cranioventral distribution may not be particularly evident
*Caused by [[Haemophilus species|''Haemophilus parasuis'']]
*Caused by [[Haemophilus species|''Haemophilus parasuis'']]
*May cause suppurative [[Bronchi and bronchioles - inflammatory#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]] (as part of polyserositis)
*May cause suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]] (as part of polyserositis)
*Stress of mixing, weaning and adverse environmental conditions are predisposing to the disease
*Stress of mixing, weaning and adverse environmental conditions are predisposing to the disease