Changes

*There is a proximal and distal interosseous space which are the only two places where the shafts are seperated

*There is a proximal and distal interosseous space which are the only two places where the shafts are seperated

*The ulna's proximal end is caudal to the radius and it's distal end forms the lateral styloid process, distal to the radius and articulating with the ulnar carpal bone.

*The ulna's proximal end is caudal to the radius and it's distal end forms the lateral styloid process, distal to the radius and articulating with the ulnar carpal bone.

==Joints of the Proximal Forelimb==

==Joints of the Proximal Forelimb==

*The joint capsule attaches to the articular surface of the condyle, the periphery of the olecranon fossa and the articular  cartilage of the trochlear notch of the ulna. It fuses with the collateral ligaments.

*The joint capsule attaches to the articular surface of the condyle, the periphery of the olecranon fossa and the articular  cartilage of the trochlear notch of the ulna. It fuses with the collateral ligaments.

*Paired collateral ligaments attach the epicondyles to the tuberosities of the radius and ulna.

*Paired collateral ligaments attach the epicondyles to the tuberosities of the radius and ulna.

==Structures of the Distal Forelimb==

==Structures of the Distal Forelimb==

===Carpal bones===

===Carpal bones===

These are covered in detail in the [[Bovine Phalanges - Anatomy & Physiology|bovine phalanges]] section.

These are covered in detail in the [[Bovine Phalanges - Anatomy & Physiology|bovine phalanges]] section.

==Joints of the Distal Forelimb==

==Joints of the Distal Forelimb==

*'''Collateral ligaments''' extend from the radius to the metacarpal bones on the medial and lateral aspect of the carpus.

*'''Collateral ligaments''' extend from the radius to the metacarpal bones on the medial and lateral aspect of the carpus.

*The carpal canal houses both the deep digital flexor tendon and the deep branch of the superficial digital flexor.

*The carpal canal houses both the deep digital flexor tendon and the deep branch of the superficial digital flexor.

==Muscles of the Forelimb==

==Muscles of the Forelimb==

''Interosseus muscles''

''Interosseus muscles''

*This is covered in more detail in the [[Bovine Phalanges - Anatomy & Physiology|bovine phalanges]] section.

*This is covered in more detail in the [[Bovine Phalanges - Anatomy & Physiology|bovine phalanges]] section.

==Vasculature of the Forelimb==

==Vasculature of the Forelimb==