Changes

===Specific changes associated with disease===

===Specific changes associated with disease===

*[[Thyroid Gland - Pathology#Hypothyroidism|'''Hypothyroidism''']]

====[[Thyroid Gland - Pathology#Hypothyroidism|'''Hypothyroidism''']]====

**Grossly: endocrine alopecia mainly over trunk and neck

*Grossly: endocrine alopecia mainly over trunk and neck

**Microscopically: endocrine alopecia plus mucin within the dermis -> myxoedema (dermal thickening), acanthotic epidermal and follicular infundibular epithelium

*Microscopically: endocrine alopecia plus mucin within the dermis -> myxoedema (dermal thickening), acanthotic epidermal and follicular infundibular epithelium

**Secondary pyoderma is common

*Secondary pyoderma is common

*[[Adrenal Glands - Pathology#Adrenal_Hyperfunction|'''Hyperadrenocorticism''']]

====[[Adrenal Glands - Pathology#Adrenal_Hyperfunction|'''Hyperadrenocorticism''']]====

**Grossly: endocrine alopecia except on head and extremities, thin skin, comedones, easy bruising and poor wound healing, sometimes involves [[Adrenal Glands - Pathology#Pathophysiology_2|calcinosis cutis]]  

*Grossly: endocrine alopecia except on head and extremities, thin skin, comedones, easy bruising and poor wound healing, sometimes involves [[Adrenal Glands - Pathology#Pathophysiology_2|calcinosis cutis]]  

***In cats, skin is very easily torn

**In cats, skin is very easily torn

**Microscopically: epidermal, dermal and follicular atrophy, comedones, calcinosis cutis often with granulomatous inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia

*Microscopically: epidermal, dermal and follicular atrophy, comedones, calcinosis cutis often with granulomatous inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia

*[[Pituitary Gland - Pathology#Pituitary_Hypofunction|'''GH deficiency (hyposomatotropism)''']] [[Image:Flame follicles.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Flame Follicles'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]

====[[Pituitary Gland - Pathology#Pituitary_Hypofunction|'''GH deficiency (hyposomatotropism)''']]====

**Retained puppy hair coat, endocrine alopecia, decreased dermal elastin and catagen follicles ('''Flame follicles''').

[[Image:Flame follicles.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Flame Follicles'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]

*Retained puppy hair coat, endocrine alopecia, decreased dermal elastin and catagen follicles ('''Flame follicles''').

*[[Pituitary Gland - Pathology#Pituitary_Hyperfunction|'''Excess GH (hypersomatotropism)''']]

====[[Pituitary Gland - Pathology#Pituitary_Hyperfunction|'''Excess GH (hypersomatotropism)''']]====

**Grossly: thick, folded skin on head, neck and extremities, possibly with hypertrichosis

*Grossly: thick, folded skin on head, neck and extremities, possibly with hypertrichosis

**Microscopically: epidermal hyperplasia, dermal fibrosis, mucinous degeneration of dermis

*Microscopically: epidermal hyperplasia, dermal fibrosis, mucinous degeneration of dermis

*[[Sex hormones - Pathology#Hyperoestrogenism|'''Hyperoestrogenism''']]

====[[Sex hormones - Pathology#Hyperoestrogenism|'''Hyperoestrogenism''']]====

**Grossly: endocrine alopecia, enlarged vulva and abnormal oestrus cycle in females, gynecomastia, pendulous prepuce or enlarged prostate in males

*Grossly: endocrine alopecia, enlarged vulva and abnormal oestrus cycle in females, gynecomastia, pendulous prepuce or enlarged prostate in males

**Microscopically: telogen follicles, hyperkeratosis and acanthosis or epidermis and follicular infundibulum

*Microscopically: telogen follicles, hyperkeratosis and acanthosis or epidermis and follicular infundibulum

*'''Castration responsive dermatosis'''

===='''Castration responsive dermatosis'''====

**Mainly involves intact male dogs

*Mainly involves intact male dogs

**Grossly: fluffy and wool like hair coat, symmetrical alopecia over perineum, thighs, ventral abdomen and thorax, neck; possible hyperpigmentation

*Grossly: fluffy and wool like hair coat, symmetrical alopecia over perineum, thighs, ventral abdomen and thorax, neck; possible hyperpigmentation

**Microscopically: increased nmbe of catagen and telogen hair follicles and flame follicles

*Microscopically: increased nmbe of catagen and telogen hair follicles and flame follicles

**Castration may temporarily remove symptoms  

*Castration may temporarily remove symptoms  

*'''Superficial necrolytic dermatopathy'''

===='''Superficial necrolytic dermatopathy'''====

**Also known as ''diabetic dermatopathy, hepatocutaneous syndrome''

*Also known as ''diabetic dermatopathy, hepatocutaneous syndrome''

**In older dogs with diabetes mellitus, hepatic dysfunction or pancreatic lesions

*In older dogs with diabetes mellitus, hepatic dysfunction or pancreatic lesions

**Grossly: scaling and crusting, erythema, facial, genital and distal extremities alopecia, crusting, fissures and ulceration of foot pads

*Grossly: scaling and crusting, erythema, facial, genital and distal extremities alopecia, crusting, fissures and ulceration of foot pads

**Microscopically: trilaminar thickening of epidermis (outermost layer is keratotic, intermediate oedematous and vacuolated, inner is hyperplastic)

*Microscopically: trilaminar thickening of epidermis (outermost layer is keratotic, intermediate oedematous and vacuolated, inner is hyperplastic)