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− | * Contributes to [[Intestines Catarrhal Enteritis - Pathology#Undifferentiated Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea|undifferentiated neonatal calf diarrhoea]], a mixed viral enteritis in calves. | + | |
| + | ==Recognition== |
| + | |
| + | *Minute protozoan parasite |
| + | |
| + | *Wide host range |
| + | |
| + | *Parasitises epithelial cells lining the epithelial cells lining the ailimentary and respiratory tracts |
| + | |
| + | *Developmental stages confined to the '''microvillous brish border''' |
| + | |
| + | *''C. parvum'' most associated with disease in domestic animals and in humans |
| + | **Other species affect birds |
| + | |
| + | *Small oocysts of 4-5μm |
| + | |
| + | ==Life Cycle== |
| + | |
| + | *Direct life cycle |
| + | **Only one host |
| + | **Homoxenous |
| + | |
| + | *1 week prepatent period |
| + | |
| + | *'''Sporulated''' oocysts past in faeces |
| + | |
| + | *Autoinfection can occur |
| + | **Thin walled oocysts |
| + | |
| + | *Faecal-oral transmission also occurs |
| + | **Thick walled oocysts |
| + | |
| + | ==Pathogenesis== |
| + | |
| + | *Causes outbreaks of [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]] in young animals |
| + | |
| + | *Common cause of calf-hood scours |
| + | **Older animals may be asymptomatic carriers |
| + | **Contributes to [[Intestines Catarrhal Enteritis - Pathology#Undifferentiated Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea|undifferentiated neonatal calf diarrhoea]] which is a mixed viral enteritis in calves |
| + | |
| + | *Common infection in AIDS patients |
| + | |
| + | ==Epidemiology== |
| + | |
| + | *Direct faecal-oral infection |
| + | **E.g. School parties visiting farms |
| + | |
| + | *Water-bourne infection |
| + | **E.g. contaminated water supply may infect hundreds of people |
| + | **Difficult to locate source |
| + | |
| + | ==Diagnosis== |
| + | |
| + | *Faecal smear |
| + | **Ziehl-Neelson (ZN) stain |
| + | **Oocysts stain red against a blue/green background |
| + | |
| + | *Immunoassays |
| + | **Detect oocysts in faeces |
| + | |
| + | ==Control== |
| + | |
| + | *Isolate/quarantine brought-in calves |
| + | **Treat if signs of [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]] present |
| + | |
| + | *Good hygiene, adequate bedding, disinfection of calf pens is important |
| + | |
| + | *Prevention/treatment |
| + | **Halofuginone |
| + | ***Halocur or Intervet |
| + | ***Oral dosage |