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| Oesophageal neoplasia is very rare accounting for less than 0.5% of all cancer, except where ''Spirocerca lupi'' is endemic (Africa and South-eastern USA). The most frequently reported types of neoplasm are: | | Oesophageal neoplasia is very rare accounting for less than 0.5% of all cancer, except where ''Spirocerca lupi'' is endemic (Africa and South-eastern USA). The most frequently reported types of neoplasm are: |
− | ** Squamous cell carcinoma - usually appears as an annualar thickening in the middle third of the oesophagus, anterior to the heart.
| + | * Squamous cell carcinoma - usually appears as an annualar thickening in the middle third of the oesophagus, anterior to the heart. |
− | ** Leiomyosarcoma
| + | * Leiomyosarcoma |
− | ** Fibrosarcoma
| + | * Fibrosarcoma |
− | ** Osteosarcoma
| + | * Osteosarcoma |
− | ** (Plasmacytoma)
| + | * (Plasmacytoma) |
− | ** (Local invasion of paraoesophageal tumours e.g. thryoid)
| + | * (Local invasion of paraoesophageal tumours e.g. thryoid) |
− | ** (Leiomyoma - benign, most frequently in the caudal oesophagus and cardia)
| + | * (Leiomyoma - benign, most frequently in the caudal oesophagus and cardia) |
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| ==Signalment== | | ==Signalment== |
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| * Hypertrophic osteopathy as a paraneoplastic syndrome - particulary those with sarcomas with ''Spirocerca lupi'' aetiology | | * Hypertrophic osteopathy as a paraneoplastic syndrome - particulary those with sarcomas with ''Spirocerca lupi'' aetiology |
| ===Plain Radiography=== | | ===Plain Radiography=== |
− | A mass, intra-luminal gas retention or oesophageal stricture with a cranial dilation are not always visible. Contrast studies is requried to | + | A mass, intra-luminal gas retention or oesophageal stricture with a cranial dilation are not always visible. Contrast studies may requried to define mucosal irregularities and strictures. Swallowing defects and regurgitation can be assessed via fluoroscopy. |
| + | ===Advanced Imaging Techniques=== |
| + | CT and MRI can be useful in defining the full extent of the lesion. |
| + | ===Endoscopy and Biopsy=== |
| + | Endoscopy can allow visualisation of the mass. Several biopsies should be taken. |
| + | ===Surgery and Biopsy=== |
| + | Samples can also be taken via thoracotomy or cervical exploration. |
| + | ===Faecal Analysis=== |
| + | Ova of ''Spirocerca lupi'' can be found in the faeces. |
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |