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Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica (view source)
Revision as of 20:39, 13 August 2009
, 20:39, 13 August 2009no edit summary
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===Overview ''Pasteurella'' and ''Mannheimia''===
*Common commensals of the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract mucosa of animals
*Usually opportunistic organisms, causing disease during times of stress, low resistance or concurrent infection
*Not part of the human bacterial flora
*Small Gram-negative bacilli or coccobacilli
*Facultative anaerobes
*Oxidase-positive
*May show bipolar staining with polychrome stains such as Wright's stain
*Capsules contain acidic polysaccharides
===''Pasteurella'' Properties===
*Catarrhal odour
*Produce endotoxins which cause host damage and death
*Their capsules resist phagocytosis
===''Pasteurella multocida''===
*Large grey colonies on blood agar
*Not haemolytic
*Do not grow on MacConkey
*Five capsular serotypes, A,B,D,E and F
*Primary and secondary pathogen
*Responsible for secondary infections following primary viral and mycoplasmal infections, especially in the lungs, for example during [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]] and pigs
* Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[Haemostasis - Pathology#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]]
*Involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Subcutaneous abscesses|subcutaneous abscesses]] due to cat bites
*Typa A
**Commensal in upper respiratory tract of animals in UK
**Primary pathogen in avian cholera - a septicaemia in chickens and turkeys
**Secondary pathogen commomly repsonsible for dog and cat bite wound infections in humans and animals
**Feline pyothorax and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|cellulitis]]
**Some strains involved in [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Bacterial rhinitis|Atrophic rhinitis of pigs]], and produce osteolytic toxin
**Involved in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Rabbits|'Snuffles' in rabbits]], a mucopurulent rhinosinitis
**Can cause pneumonia and mastitis in sheep
**Associated with [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Pneumonic pasteurellosis|pneumonic pasteurellosis]] in cattle, as well as enzootic pneumonia in calves
*Type B
**Causes Haemorrhagic Septicaemia of cattle in Southern Europe and Asia
*Type D
**Primary and secondary pathogen
**Causes [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Pigs|atrophic rhinitis]] along with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']] in pigs
**Pneumonia in pigs
**''Pasteurella multocida'' adhere to epithelium damaged by [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']]
**Produces an osteolytic toxin (Pmt), which stimulates osteoclasts, inducing bone resorption of the nasal turbinates
*Type E
**Causes African Bovine Haemorrhagic Septicaemia
===''Pasteurella pneumotropica''===
*Carried in nasopharynx of many small rodents
*Causes pneumonia in rodents as a secondary disease
===''Bibersteinia trehalosi (formerly called Pasteurella trehalosi)''===
*T biotypes - trehalose fermenters
*Pneumonia in ruminants
*Septicaemic pasteurellosis in feeder lambs
*Mastitis in sheep
===''Pasteurella canis''===
*Pneumonia in dogs
*Occasionally infects wounds
===''Pasteurella caballi''===
*Equine respiratory tract disease, usually in association with ''Streptococcus equi'' subspecies [[Streptococci#S. zooepidemicus|''S. zooepidemicus'']]
*Equine peritonitis
===''Pasteurella aerogenes''===
*Associated with gastroenteritis and abortion in swine
*''Pasteurella'' may be found in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]]
===''Mannheimia''===
===''Mannheimia haemolytica''===
*Cause of epizootic pneumonia in cattle known as Shipping Fever, Transit Fever or [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Pneumonic pasteurellosis|pneumonic pasteurellosis]] (90% caused by ''Mannheimia haemolytica'' Biotype A, serotype 1 but also ''Pasteurella multocida''
*Usually secondary to viral infections such as [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 3|parainfluenza - 3]] or [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|IBR]], bacterial infections such as ''Mycoplasma'' or environmental stress
*May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
*Enzootic pneumonia in sheep
* [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Peritonitis|Peritonitis in sheep]]
* [[Oedema - Pathology#Permeability type|Permeability types of pulmonary oedema]]
*Septicaemia in young lambs
*Causes gangrenous mastitis in sheep
*Beta-haemolytic on blood agar
*Grow weakly on MacConkey agar
*Odourless
*All are ''Mannheimia'' A biotypes (previously ''Pasterurella haemolytica'')
*Strains often produce a cytotoxin, known as leukotoxin, which kills leukocytes of ruminants
*Leukotoxin is a member of the RTX group toxins, and is probably largely responsible for the pathogenicity of the bacteria in septicaemia and pneumonia
===''Mannheimia glucosida''===
*Previously biotype A11
*Respiratory condition of ruminants
{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Bacteria
|linktext =BACTERIA
|pagetype=Bugs
}}
<br>
===Overview ''Pasteurella'' and ''Mannheimia''===
*Common commensals of the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract mucosa of animals
*Usually opportunistic organisms, causing disease during times of stress, low resistance or concurrent infection
*Not part of the human bacterial flora
*Small Gram-negative bacilli or coccobacilli
*Facultative anaerobes
*Oxidase-positive
*May show bipolar staining with polychrome stains such as Wright's stain
*Capsules contain acidic polysaccharides
===''Pasteurella'' Properties===
*Catarrhal odour
*Produce endotoxins which cause host damage and death
*Their capsules resist phagocytosis
===''Pasteurella multocida''===
*Large grey colonies on blood agar
*Not haemolytic
*Do not grow on MacConkey
*Five capsular serotypes, A,B,D,E and F
*Primary and secondary pathogen
*Responsible for secondary infections following primary viral and mycoplasmal infections, especially in the lungs, for example during [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]] and pigs
* Can cause vascular fragility, leading to [[Haemostasis - Pathology#Haemorrhagic Disease Due To Vascular Fragility|haemorrhagic disease]]
*Involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Subcutaneous abscesses|subcutaneous abscesses]] due to cat bites
*Typa A
**Commensal in upper respiratory tract of animals in UK
**Primary pathogen in avian cholera - a septicaemia in chickens and turkeys
**Secondary pathogen commomly repsonsible for dog and cat bite wound infections in humans and animals
**Feline pyothorax and [[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Abscesses|cellulitis]]
**Some strains involved in [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Bacterial rhinitis|Atrophic rhinitis of pigs]], and produce osteolytic toxin
**Involved in [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Rabbits|'Snuffles' in rabbits]], a mucopurulent rhinosinitis
**Can cause pneumonia and mastitis in sheep
**Associated with [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Pneumonic pasteurellosis|pneumonic pasteurellosis]] in cattle, as well as enzootic pneumonia in calves
*Type B
**Causes Haemorrhagic Septicaemia of cattle in Southern Europe and Asia
*Type D
**Primary and secondary pathogen
**Causes [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Pigs|atrophic rhinitis]] along with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']] in pigs
**Pneumonia in pigs
**''Pasteurella multocida'' adhere to epithelium damaged by [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']]
**Produces an osteolytic toxin (Pmt), which stimulates osteoclasts, inducing bone resorption of the nasal turbinates
*Type E
**Causes African Bovine Haemorrhagic Septicaemia
===''Pasteurella pneumotropica''===
*Carried in nasopharynx of many small rodents
*Causes pneumonia in rodents as a secondary disease
===''Bibersteinia trehalosi (formerly called Pasteurella trehalosi)''===
*T biotypes - trehalose fermenters
*Pneumonia in ruminants
*Septicaemic pasteurellosis in feeder lambs
*Mastitis in sheep
===''Pasteurella canis''===
*Pneumonia in dogs
*Occasionally infects wounds
===''Pasteurella caballi''===
*Equine respiratory tract disease, usually in association with ''Streptococcus equi'' subspecies [[Streptococci#S. zooepidemicus|''S. zooepidemicus'']]
*Equine peritonitis
===''Pasteurella aerogenes''===
*Associated with gastroenteritis and abortion in swine
*''Pasteurella'' may be found in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Deep pyoderma|deep pyoderma]]
===''Mannheimia''===
===''Mannheimia haemolytica''===
*Cause of epizootic pneumonia in cattle known as Shipping Fever, Transit Fever or [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Pneumonic pasteurellosis|pneumonic pasteurellosis]] (90% caused by ''Mannheimia haemolytica'' Biotype A, serotype 1 but also ''Pasteurella multocida''
*Usually secondary to viral infections such as [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 3|parainfluenza - 3]] or [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|IBR]], bacterial infections such as ''Mycoplasma'' or environmental stress
*May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
*Enzootic pneumonia in sheep
* [[Peritoneal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Peritonitis|Peritonitis in sheep]]
* [[Oedema - Pathology#Permeability type|Permeability types of pulmonary oedema]]
*Septicaemia in young lambs
*Causes gangrenous mastitis in sheep
*Beta-haemolytic on blood agar
*Grow weakly on MacConkey agar
*Odourless
*All are ''Mannheimia'' A biotypes (previously ''Pasterurella haemolytica'')
*Strains often produce a cytotoxin, known as leukotoxin, which kills leukocytes of ruminants
*Leukotoxin is a member of the RTX group toxins, and is probably largely responsible for the pathogenicity of the bacteria in septicaemia and pneumonia
===''Mannheimia glucosida''===
*Previously biotype A11
*Respiratory condition of ruminants