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|subtext2=PANCREAS
 
|subtext2=PANCREAS
 
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<FlashCard questions="37">
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
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|q1=What type of gland is the pancreas?
!width="400"|'''Question'''
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|a1=Tubuloalveolar
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
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|l1=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction
!width="150"|'''Article'''
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|q2=From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from?
|-
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|a2=Endoderm, except the connective tissue which develops from splanchnic mesoderm
|<big>'''What type of gland is the pancreas?'''
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|l2=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|q3=Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud?
*'''''Tubuloalveolar'''''
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|a3=Ventral
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l3=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development
|-
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|q4=Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into?
|<big>'''From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from?'''
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|a4=Duodenum; the pancreatic duct opens at the major duodenal papilla with the bile duct; the accessory duct opens at the minor duodenal papilla
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l4=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure
*'''''Endoderm, except the connective tissue which develops from splanchnic mesoderm'''''
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|q5=What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas?
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|a5=Produces a secretion that is alkaline to neutralise stomach acid and contains enzymes for digestion
|-
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|l5=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function
|<big>'''Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud?'''
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|q6=Which ions are present within the secretion of the pancreas?
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|a6=Bicarbonate and chloride
*'''''Ventral'''''
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|l6=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|q7=Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised?
|-
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|a7=To provide the optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, to prevent damage to the thin, absorptive mucosa of the duodenum and to buffer the large intestine
|<big>'''Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into?'''
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|l7=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|q8=Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans
*'''''Duodenum; the pancreatic duct opens at the major duodenal papilla with the bile duct; the accessory duct opens at the minor duodenal papilla'''''
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|a8=Alpha, beta, delta and F cells
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l8=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology
|-
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|q9=What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do?
|<big>'''What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas?'''
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|a9=Glucagon, it raises blood glucose level
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l9=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function
*'''''Produces a secretion that is alkaline to neutralise stomach acid and contains enzymes for digestion'''''
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|q10=What is the function of somatostatin?
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|a10=It inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
|-
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|l10=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function
|<big>'''Which ions are present within the secretion of the pancreas?'''
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|q11=What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion?
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|a11=Increases it
*'''''Bicarbonate and chloride'''''
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|l11=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|q12=What effect does glucagon have on body reserves?
|-
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|a12=Catabolic
|<big>'''Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised?'''
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|l12=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|q13=Which shape is the horse's pancreas?
*'''''To provide the optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, to prevent damage to the thin, absorptive mucosa of the duodenum and to buffer the large intestine'''''
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|a13=Triangular
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l13=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Equine
|-
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|q14=What is the main target tissue of glucagon?
|<big>'''Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans'''
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|a14=Liver
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l14=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
*'''''Alpha, beta, delta and F cells'''''
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|q15=What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on?
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|a15=Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
|-
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|l15=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
|<big>'''What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do?'''
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|q16=Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis?
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|a16=Pyruvate kinase
*'''''Glucagon, it raises blood glucose level'''''
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|l16=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|q17=How does glucagon inactivate this enyme?
|-
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|a17=Phosphorylation via PKA
|<big>'''What is the function of somatostatin?'''
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|l17=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|q18=What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue?
*'''''It inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion'''''
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|a18=Increases β oxidation of fatty acids
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l18=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
|-
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|q19=What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle?
|<big>'''What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion?'''
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|a19=Increases the rate of protein catabolism
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l19=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
*'''''Increases it'''''
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|q20=How may ketosis occur during fasting?
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|a20=The citric acid cycle turns slowly as oxaloacetate is removed to make glucose. Acetyl CoA builds up and is converted to ketone bodies
|-
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|l20=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon
|<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on body reserves?'''
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|q21=Describe the structure of insulin.
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|a21=A & B chains linked by disulphide bridges
*'''''Catabolic'''''
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|l21=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|q22=Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released.
|-
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|a22=Glucose enters the β cell through GLUT 2 and is metabolised. ATP depolarises the plasma membrane which leads to calcium signalling causing release of insulin
|<big>'''What is the main target tissue of glucagon?'''
+
|l22=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q23=How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle?
*'''''Liver'''''
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|a23=It causes expression of GLUT 4
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l23=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin
|-
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|q24=What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate?
|<big>'''What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on?'''
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|a24=Increases it in all cells
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l24=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin
*'''''Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue'''''
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|q25=What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|a25=Glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, ketosis and ketonuria
|-
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|l25=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus
|<big>'''Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis?'''
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|q26=What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs?
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|a26=β cell deficiency (mainly) and insulin antagonism
*'''''Pyruvate kinase'''''
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|l26=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q27=How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have?
|-
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|a27=One, the pancreatic duct
|<big>'''How does glucagon inactivate this enyme?'''
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|l27=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|q28=In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice?
*'''''Phosphorylation via PKA'''''
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|a28=Ruminants
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l28=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminants
|-
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|q29=What are the two types of diabetes in cats?
|<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue?'''
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|a29=IDDM and NIDDM
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l29=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus
*'''''Increases β oxidation of fatty acids'''''
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|q30=What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas?
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|a30=Coeliac (left lobe) and cranial mesenteric (right lobe)
|-
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|l30=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin
|<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle?'''
+
|q31=Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion?
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|a31=CCK, secretin and gastrin
*'''''Increases the rate of protein catabolism'''''
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|l31=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q32=Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into?
|-
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|a32=Pancreatoduodenal
|<big>'''How may ketosis occur during fasting?'''
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|l32=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Lymphatics
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|q33=Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas.
*'''''The citric acid cycle turns slowly as oxaloacetate is removed to make glucose. Acetyl CoA builds up and is converted to ketone bodies'''''
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|a33=Acini, which consist of 40-50 pyramidal epithelial cells which drain into a lumen
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l33=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology
|-
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|q34=What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells?
|<big>'''Describe the structure of insulin.'''
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|a34=Secretory granules containing the zymogen precursors of the pancreatic enzymes
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l34=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology
*'''''A & B chains linked by disulphide bridges'''''
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|q35=Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin?
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|a35=δ cells
|-
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|l35=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology
|<big>'''Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released.'''
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|q36=Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits?
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|a36=Mesoduodenum
*'''''Glucose enters the β cell through GLUT 2 and is metabolised. ATP depolarises the plasma membrane which leads to calcium signalling causing release of insulin'''''
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|l36=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q37=In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger?
|-
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|a37=Accessory
|<big>'''How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle?'''
+
|l37=Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
</FlashCard>
*'''''It causes expression of GLUT 4'''''
  −
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''Increases it in all cells'''''
  −
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''Glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, ketosis and ketonuria'''''
  −
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''β cell deficiency (mainly) and insulin antagonism'''''
  −
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''What are the two types of diabetes in cats?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''IDDM and NIDDM'''''
  −
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''Coeliac (left lobe) and cranial mesenteric (right lobe)'''''
  −
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''CCK, secretin and gastrin'''''
  −
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''Pancreatoduodenal'''''
  −
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Lymphatics|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas.'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''Acini, which consist of 40-50 pyramidal epithelial cells which drain into a lumen'''''
  −
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''Secretory granules containing the zymogen precursors of the pancreatic enzymes'''''
  −
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''δ cells'''''
  −
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''Mesoduodenum'''''
  −
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''Accessory'''''
  −
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''One, the pancreatic duct'''''
  −
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''Ruminants'''''
  −
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminants|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''Which shape is the horse's pancreas?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''Triangular'''''
  −
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Equine|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|}
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<br>
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<br>
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<big><center>[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM''']]</center></big>
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<big><center>[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards|'''BACK TO ALIMENTARY FLASHCARDS''']]</center></big>
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<big><center>[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO THE PANCREAS''']]</center></big>
 

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