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West Nile Fever (WNF) - Donkey (view source)
Revision as of 11:30, 21 February 2010
, 11:30, 21 February 2010no edit summary
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==Introduction==
[[Image:Transmission WNF donkey.jpg|right|thumb|500px|<small><center>Transmission cycle of WNF [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]
West Nile fever is caused by one of the most widely distributed arboviridae viruses. Bird-feeding mosquitoes are the main vector and '''wild birds are the main host'''. The virus undergoes an amplification cycle between the bird and mosquito and under certain conditions can spread to other animals, including donkeys. A recent outbreak in Camargue, France (Murgue, 2001) has brought the condition closer to the UK. In this outbreak one donkey was euthanased and twenty horses either died or were euthanased.
The '''zoonotic''' potential of this disease is the overwhelming concern. However, the information available seems to indicate that the level of virus is low or undetectable in donkeys (Oudar, 1971). This suggests that donkeys, like horses, may be dead end hosts.
==Clinical signs==
<u>Horses show a variety of clinical signs which are often non-specific.</u> In the Camargue outbreak the signs recorded for the 76 equidae included '''fever, ataxia, paresis/paralysis, tremor, hyperaesthesia, grinding of the teeth, abnormal behaviour and hepatitis'''.
The one '''donkey''' affected exhibited '''neurological signs''', followed by a '''short period of remission''', and then '''severe hepatic failure'''. Oudar (1971) described signs of fever, anorexia, constipation, congested ocular mucous membranes and epiphora in a three-year old jenny. A full clinical profile is yet to be established for donkeys affected by WNF.
==Diagnosis==
* Virus isolation and identification
* Serological testing
==Treatment==
* Supportive and symptomatic treatment of mild cases
==Control==
* '''Vaccination''' and vector control
==References==
* Anzuino, J. (2008) Exotic infections In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 14
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