Changes

[[Amylase|Amylase]] production and secretion is not restricted to the pancreas and may originate from several areas in the gastrointestinal tract of many reptiles. [[Amylase|Amylase]] values vary between reptile species and individuals. Increased levels may be useful as a diagnostic indicator in some species but its value in snakes has to be shown.

[[Amylase|Amylase]] production and secretion is not restricted to the pancreas and may originate from several areas in the gastrointestinal tract of many reptiles. [[Amylase|Amylase]] values vary between reptile species and individuals. Increased levels may be useful as a diagnostic indicator in some species but its value in snakes has to be shown.

===Bile acid===

===Bile acid===

Bile acid metabolism is presently poorly understood in reptiles. Bile acids have been poorly studied and are currently poor diagnostic indicators but further use and research may indicate their usefulness. Normal upper limits of bile acids levels in reptiles vary between 10 and 70 µmol/l. Bile acid levels in reptiles may be indicators of reduced hepatic function.

[[Bile acid|Bile acid]] metabolism is presently poorly understood in reptiles. [[Bile acid|Bile acids]] have been poorly studied and are currently poor diagnostic indicators but further use and research may indicate their usefulness. Normal upper limits of [[Bile acid|bile acids]] levels in reptiles vary between 10 and 70 µmol/l. [[Bile acid|Bile acid]] levels in reptiles may be indicators of reduced hepatic function.

===Electrolytes===

===Electrolytes===